Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Prostate Tissue Metal Levels and Prostate Cancer Recurrence in Smokers

  • Published:
Biological Trace Element Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Although smoking is not associated with prostate cancer risk overall, smoking is associated with prostate cancer recurrence and mortality. Increased cadmium (Cd) exposure from smoking may play a role in progression of the disease. In this study, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to determine Cd, arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) levels in formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tumor and tumor-adjacent non-neoplastic tissue of never- and ever-smokers with prostate cancer. In smokers, metal levels were also evaluated with regard to biochemical and distant recurrence of disease. Smokers (N = 25) had significantly higher Cd (median ppb, p = 0.03) and lower Zn (p = 0.002) in non-neoplastic tissue than never-smokers (N = 21). Metal levels were not significantly different in tumor tissue of smokers and non-smokers. Among smokers, Cd level did not differ by recurrence status. However, the ratio of Cd ppb to Pb ppb was significantly higher in both tumor and adjacent tissue of cases with distant recurrence when compared with cases without distant recurrence (tumor tissue Cd/Pb, 6.36 vs. 1.19, p = 0.009, adjacent non-neoplastic tissue Cd/Pb, 6.36 vs. 1.02, p = 0.038). Tissue Zn levels were also higher in smokers with distant recurrence (tumor, p = 0.039 and adjacent non-neoplastic, p = 0.028). These initial findings suggest that prostate tissue metal levels may differ in smokers with and without recurrence. If these findings are confirmed in larger studies, additional work will be needed to determine whether variations in metal levels are drivers of disease progression or are simply passengers of the disease process.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

ACBP/DBI:

acyl-CoA binding inhibitor/diazepam binding inhibitor

ALAD:

Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase

As:

Arsenic

Cd:

Cadmium

FFPE:

Formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue

ICP-MS:

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Pb:

Lead

ppb:

Parts per billion

PSA:

Prostate specific antigen

References

  1. Colditz G (1996) Consensus conference: smoking and prostate cancer. Cancer Causes Control 7(5):560–562

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Ray G, Henson DE, Schwartz AM (2010) Cigarette smoking as a cause of cancers other than lung cancer: an exploratory study using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Chest 138(3):491–499

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Zu K, Giovannucci E (2009) Smoking and aggressive prostate cancer: a review of the epidemiologic evidence. Cancer Causes Control 20(10):1799–1810

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Moreira DM, Antonelli JA, Presti JC Jr, Aronson WJ, Terris MK, Kane CJ, Amling CL, Freedland SJ (2010) Association of cigarette smoking with interval to biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy: results from the SEARCH database. Urology 76(5):1218–1223. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2010.01.066

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Joshu CE, Mondul AM, Meinhold CL, Humphreys EB, Han M, Walsh PC, Platz EA (2011) Cigarette smoking and prostate cancer recurrence after prostatectomy. J Natl Cancer Inst 103(10):835–838. doi:10.1093/jnci/djr124

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Kenfield SA, Stampfer MJ, Chan JM, Giovannucci E (2011) Smoking and prostate cancer survival and recurrence. JAMA 305(24):2548–2555. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.879

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Giovannucci E, Liu Y, Platz EA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC (2007) Risk factors for prostate cancer incidence and progression in the health professionals follow-up study. Int J Cancer 121(7):1571–1578. doi:10.1002/ijc.22788

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Hartwig A (2013) Cadmium and cancer. Metal Ions Life Sci 11:491–507. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5179-8_15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Joseph P (2009) Mechanisms of cadmium carcinogenesis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 238(3):272–279. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2009.01.011

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Toxicological Profile For Cadmium (2012) (trans: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services PHS, Agency for Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)).

  11. Beryllium, Cadmium, Mercury, and Exposures in the Glass Manufacturing Industry (1993). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans vol 58.

  12. Verougstraete V, Lison D, Hotz P (2003) Cadmium, lung and prostate cancer: a systematic review of recent epidemiological data. J ToxicolEnviron Health B Crit Rev 6(3):227–255

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Sahmoun AE, Case LD, Jackson SA, Schwartz GG (2005) Cadmium and prostate cancer: a critical epidemiologic analysis. Cancer Investig 23(3):256–263

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Chen YC, Pu YS, Wu HC, Wu TT, Lai MK, Yang CY, Sung FC (2009) Cadmium burden and the risk and phenotype of prostate cancer. BMC Cancer 9:429

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Platz EA, Helzlsouer KJ, Hoffman SC, Morris JS, Baskett CK, Comstock GW (2002) Prediagnostic toenail cadmium and zinc and subsequent prostate cancer risk. Prostate 52(4):288–296

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Vinceti M, Venturelli M, Sighinolfi C, Trerotoli P, Bonvicini F, Ferrari A, Bianchi G, Serio G, Bergomi M, Vivoli G (2007) Case–control study of toenail cadmium and prostate cancer risk in Italy. Sci Total Environ 373(1):77–81

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Ogunlewe JO, Osegbe DN (1989) Zinc and cadmium concentrations in indigenous blacks with normal, hypertrophic, and malignant prostate. Cancer 63(7):1388–1392

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Brys M, Nawrocka AD, Miekos E, Zydek C, Foksinski M, Barecki A, Krajewska WM (1997) Zinc and cadmium analysis in human prostate neoplasms. Biol Trace Elem Res 59(1–3):145–152

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Anetor JI, Ajose F, Anetor GO, Iyanda AA, Babalola OO, Adeniyi FA (2008) High cadmium/zinc ratio in cigarette smokers: potential implications as a biomarker of risk of prostate cancer. Niger J Physiol Sci 23(1–2):41–49

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Sarafanov AG, Todorov TI, Centeno JA, Macias V, Gao W, Liang WM, Beam C, Gray MA, Kajdacsy-Balla AA (2011) Prostate cancer outcome and tissue levels of metal ions. Prostate 71(11):1231–1238

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Lazarevic K, Nikolic D, Stosic L, Milutinovic S, Videnovic J, Bogdanovic D (2012) Determination of lead and arsenic in tobacco and cigarettes: an important issue of public health. Cent Eur J Public Health 20(1):62–66

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Rybicki BA, Neslund-Dudas C, Bock CH, Rundle A, Savera AT, Yang JJ, Nock NL, Tang D (2008) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon–DNA adducts in prostate and biochemical recurrence after prostatectomy. Clin Cancer Res 14(3):750–757

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Sarafanov AG, Todorov TI, Kajdacsy-Balla A, Gray MA, Macias V, Centeno JA (2008) Analysis of iron, zinc, selenium and cadmium in paraffin-embedded prostate tissue specimens using inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry. J Trace Elem Med Biol 22(4):305–314

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Bae DS, Gennings C, Carter WH Jr, Yang RS, Campain JA (2001) Toxicological interactions among arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and lead in human keratinocytes. Toxicol Sci Off J Soc Toxicol 63(1):132–142

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Smith DR, Kahng MW, Quintanilla-Vega B, Fowler BA (1998) High-affinity renal lead-binding proteins in environmentally-exposed humans. Chem Biol Int 115(1):39–52

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Quintanilla-Vega B, Smith DR, Kahng MW, Hernandez JM, Albores A, Fowler BA (1995) Lead-binding proteins in brain tissue of environmentally lead-exposed humans. Chem Biol Int 98(3):193–209

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Bergdahl IA, Grubb A, Schutz A, Desnick RJ, Wetmur JG, Sassa S, Skerfving S (1997) Lead binding to delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) in human erythrocytes. Pharmacol Toxicol 81(4):153–158

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Iguchi K, Ito M, Usui S, Mizokami A, Namiki M, Hirano K (2008) Downregulation of thymosin beta4 expression by androgen in prostate cancer LNCaP cells. J Androl 29(2):207–212. doi:10.2164/jandrol.107.003608

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Ettinger SL, Sobel R, Whitmore TG, Akbari M, Bradley DR, Gleave ME, Nelson CC (2004) Dysregulation of sterol response element-binding proteins and downstream effectors in prostate cancer during progression to androgen independence. Cancer Res 64(6):2212–2221

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. van Bemmel DM, Boffetta P, Liao LM, Berndt SI, Menashe I, Yeager M, Chanock S, Karami S, Zaridze D, Matteev V, Janout V, Kollarova H, Bencko V, Navratilova M, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Mates D, Slamova A, Rothman N, Han SS, Rosenberg PS, Brennan P, Chow WH, Moore LE (2011) Comprehensive analysis of 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydrogenase (ALAD) variants and renal cell carcinoma risk among individuals exposed to lead. PLoS One 6(7):e20432

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Costello LC, Franklin RB (2011) Zinc is decreased in prostate cancer: an established relationship of prostate cancer! J Biol Inorg Chem 16(1):3–8

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Leitzmann MF, Stampfer MJ, Wu K, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL (2003) Zinc supplement use and risk of prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 95(13):1004–1007

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Lawson KA, Wright ME, Subar A, Mouw T, Hollenbeck A, Schatzkin A, Leitzmann MF (2007) Multivitamin use and risk of prostate cancer in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study. J Natl Cancer Inst 99(10):754–764. doi:10.1093/jnci/djk177

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Prasad AS, Mukhtar H, Beck FW, Adhami VM, Siddiqui IA, Din M, Hafeez BB, Kucuk O (2010) Dietary zinc and prostate cancer in the TRAMP mouse model. J Med Food 13(1):70–76. doi:10.1089/jmf.2009.0042

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

Wayne State University, President’s Research Enhancement Program (to C.N.D.), the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01 ES011126 to B.A.R.), and the Department of Defense (W81XWH-07-1-0252 to C.N.D.)

Conflict of Interest

None declared

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, One Ford Place, Suite 5C, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA

    Christine Neslund-Dudas & Benjamin A. Rybicki

  2. Population Studies and Disparities Research Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA

    Christine Neslund-Dudas & Benjamin A. Rybicki

  3. Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA

    Ashoka Kandegedara & Bharati Mitra

  4. Department of Pathology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA

    Oleksandr N. Kryvenko & Nilesh Gupta

  5. Department of Urology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA

    Craig Rogers

  6. Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology and Oncology, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA

    Q. Ping Dou

Authors
  1. Christine Neslund-Dudas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ashoka Kandegedara
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Oleksandr N. Kryvenko
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Nilesh Gupta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Craig Rogers
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Benjamin A. Rybicki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Q. Ping Dou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Bharati Mitra
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Christine Neslund-Dudas.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Neslund-Dudas, C., Kandegedara, A., Kryvenko, O.N. et al. Prostate Tissue Metal Levels and Prostate Cancer Recurrence in Smokers. Biol Trace Elem Res 157, 107–112 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-013-9874-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-013-9874-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation