Skip to main content
Log in

The Effect of Age on 12 Chemical Element Contents in the Intact Prostate of Adult Men Investigated by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry

  • Published:
Biological Trace Element Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The effect of age on 12 chemical element contents in intact prostate of 64 apparently healthy, 13–60-year-old men (mean age 36.5 years) was investigated by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) for mass fraction (milligrams/kilogram, on dry weight basis) of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn were: Ba 1.18 ± 0.12, Ca 2,178 ± 160, Cu 10.7 ± 0.9, Fe 122 ± 5, K 12,530 ± 360, Mg 1,100 ± 70, Na 10,470 ± 320, P 7,580 ± 300, S 8,720 ± 180, Sr 1.85 ± 0.28, and Zn 782 ± 97, respectively. The upper limit of mean content of V was ≤0.22 mg/kg. A tendency of age-related increase in Ca, Fe, Na, and Zn mass fraction as well an increase in Zn/Ba, Zn/Ca, Zn/Cu, Zn/Fe, Zn/K, Zn/Mg, Zn/Na, Zn/P, Zn/S, and Zn/Sr ratios in prostate was observed. A significant positive correlation was seen between the prostatic zinc and Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Na, and P contents.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Kumar RJ, Barqawi AB, Crawford ED (2004) Epidemiology of prostate cancer. Business Briefing: US Oncology Review, pp. 1–6

  2. Pischon T, Boeing H, Weikert S, Allen N, Key T, Johnsen NF, Tjonneland A, Severinsen MT, Overvad K, Rohrmann S, Kaaks R, Trichopoulou A, Zoi G, Trichopoulos D, Pala V, Palli D, Tumino R, Sacerdote C, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, May A, Manjer J, Wallström P, Stattin P, Hallmans G, Buckland G, Larranaga N, Chirlaque MD, Martinez C, Redondo Cornejo ML, Ardanaz E, Bingham S, Khaw K-T, Rinaldi S, Slimani N, Jenab M, Riboli E (2008) Body size and risk of prostate cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17:3252–3261

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Cohen LA (2002) Nutrition and prostate cancer: a review. Ann N Y Acad Sci 963:148–155

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Jones BA, Liu W-L, Araujo AB, Kasl SV, Silvera SN, Soler-Vilaґ H, Curnen MGM, Dubrow R (2008) Explaining the race difference in prostate cancer stage at diagnosis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17:2825–2834

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Van Patten CL, De Boer JG, Tomlinson Guns ES (2008) Diet and dietary supplement intervention trials for the prevention of prostate cancer recurrence: a review of the randomized controlled trial evidence. J Urol 180:2314–2322

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Yamada K, Araki S, Tamura M, Saka Y, Takahashi M, Kashihara H, Kono S (2000) Epidemiologic determinants of clinically relevant prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 89:259–264

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Rebbeck TR (2006) Conquering cancer disparities: new opportunities for cancer epidemiology, biomarker, and prevention research. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15:1569–1571

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Jemal A, Murray T, Samuels A, Ghafoor A, Ward E, Thun MJ (2003) Cancer statistics, 2003. CA Cancer J Clin 53:5–26

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Zaichick V, Sviridova T, Zaichick S (1997) Zinc in human prostate gland: normal, hyperplastic and cancerous. Int Urol Nephrol 29:565–574

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Schrauzer GN, White DA, Schneider CJ (1977) Cancer mortality correlation studies. IV: associations with dietary intakes and blood levels of certain trace elements, notably Se antagonists. Bioinorg Chem 7:35–56

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Whelan P, Walker BE, Kelleher J (1983) Zinc, vitamin A, and prostate cancer. Br J Urol 55:525–528

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Zaichick V, Zaichick S (1999) Role of zinc in prostate cancerogenesis. In: Mengen und Spurenelemente. 19. Arbeitstagung. Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat, Jena, pp 104–115

  13. Kolonel LN, Yoshizawa CN, Hankin JH (1988) Diet and prostatic cancer: a case–control study in Hawaii. Am J Epidemiol 127:999–1012

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Leitzmann MF, Stampfer MJ, Wu K, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL (2003) Zinc supplement use and risk of prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 95:1004–1007

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Key TJA, Silcocks PB, Davey GK, Appleby PN, Bishop DT (1997) A case–control study of diet and prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 76:678–687

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Kristal AR, Stanford JL, Cohen JH, Wicklund K, Patterson RE (1999) Vitamin and mineral supplement use is associated with reduced risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 8:887–892

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. West DW, Slattery ML, Robison LM, French TK, Mahoney AW (1991) Adult dietary intake and prostate cancer risk in Utah: a case–control study with special emphasis on aggressive tumors. Cancer Causes Control 2:85–94

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Andersson SO, Wolk A, Bergstrom R, Giovannucci E, Lindgren C, Baron J, Adami HO (1996) Energy, nutrient intake and prostate cancer risk: a population-based case–control study in Sweden. Int J Cancer 68:716–722

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Vlajinac HD, Marinkovic JM, Ilic MD, Kocev NI (1997) Diet and prostate cancer: a case–control study. Eur J Cancer 33:101–107

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. American Institute for Cancer Research (1997) Food, nutrition and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective, vol. 1, 1st edn. American Institute for Cancer Research, Washington

  21. Whittemore AS, Kolonel LN, Wu AH, John EM, Gallagher RP, Howe GR, Burch JD, Hankin J, Dreon DM, West DW, Teh C-Z, Paffenberger RS (1995) Prostate cancer in relation to diet, physical activity, and body size in blacks, whites, and Asians in the United States and Canada. J Natl Cancer Inst 87:652–661

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Hayes RB, Ziegler RG, Gridley G, Swanson C, Greenberg RS, Swanson GM, Schoenberg JB, Silverman DT, Brown LM, Pottern LM, Liff J, Schwartz AG, Fraumeni F, Hoover RN (1999) Dietary factors and risks for prostate cancer among blacks and whites in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 8:25–34

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Kolonel LN (2001) Fat, meat, and prostate cancer. Epidemiol Rev 23:72–81

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Michaud DS, Augustsson K, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Willet WC, Giovannucci E (2001) A prospective study on intake of animal products and risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Causes Control 12:557–567

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Cross AJ, Peters U, Andriole GL, Reding D, Hayes RB (2004) Red meat intake and prostate cancer risk in the PLCO Cancer Screening Trial. B86. Frontiers in cancer prevention. AACR, Seattle

    Google Scholar 

  26. Platz EA, Helzlsouer KJ (2001) Selenium, zinc, and prostate. Epidemiol Rev 23:93–101

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Groff JL, Gropper SS (2000) Advanced nutrition and human metabolism. Wadsworth, Belmont

    Google Scholar 

  28. Mocchegiani E, Muaaioli M, Giacconi R (2000) Zinc, metallothioneins, immune responses, survival and ageing. Biogerontology 1:133–143

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Ekmekcioglu C (2001) The role of trace elements for the health of elderly individuals. Nahrung 45:309–316

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. High KP (2001) Nutritional strategies to boost immunity and prevent infection in elderly individuals. Clin Infect Dis 33:1892–1900

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Miyata S (2007) Zinc deficiency in the elderly. Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi 44:677–689

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Padro L, Benacer R, Foix S, Maestre E, Murillo S, Sanvicens E, Somoza D, Ngo J, Cervera P (2002) Assessment of dietary adequacy for an elderly population based on a Mediterranean model. J Nutr Health Aging 6:31–33

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Zaichick V (2004) INAA and EDXRF applications in the age dynamics assessment of Zn content and distribution in the normal human prostate. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 262:229–234

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Nemoto K, Kondo Y, Himeno S, Suzuki Y, Hara S, Akimoto M, Imura N (2000) Modulation of telomerase activity by zinc in human prostatic and renal cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 59:401–405

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Sommerfeld HJ, Meeker AK, Piatyszek MA, Bova GS, Shay JW, Coffey DS (1996) Telomerase activity: a prevalent marker of malignant human prostate tissue. Cancer Res 56:218–226

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Boissier S, Ferreras M, Peyruchaud O, Magnetto S, Ebetino FH, Colombel M, Delmas P, Delaisse JM, Clezardin P (2000) Bisphosphonates inhibit breast and prostate carcinoma cell invasion, an early event in the formation of bone metastases. Cancer Res 60:2949–2954

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Chandra RK (1984) Excessive intake of zinc impairs immune responses. JAMA 252:1443–1446

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Samman S, Roberts DC (1988) The effect of zinc supplements on lipoproteins and copper status. Atherosclerosis 70:247–252

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Holmes MD, Pollak MN, Willett WC, Hankinson SE (2002) Dietary correlates of plasma insulin-like growth factor I and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 concentrations. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 11:852–861

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Prasad AS, Mantzoros CS, Beck FW, Hess JW, Brewer GJ (1996) Zinc status and serum testosterone levels of healthy adults. Nutrition 12:344–348

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Schwartz MK (1975) Role of trace elements in cancer. Cancer Res 35:3481–3487

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Matusik RJ, Kreis C, McNicol P, Sweetland R, Mullin C, Fleming WH, Dodd JG (1986) Regulation of prostatic genes: role of androgens and zinc in gene expression. Biochem Cell Biol 64:601–607

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Blok LJ, Grossmann ME, Perry JE, Tindall DJ (1995) Characterization of an early growth response gene, which encodes a zinc finger transcription factor, potentially involved in cell cycle regulation. Mol Endocrinol 9:1610–1620

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Costello LC, Franklin RB, Feng P, Tan M (2004) Zinc supplement use and risk of prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 96:239–240

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Costello LC, Franklin RB, Feng P, Tan M, Bagasra O (2005) Zinc and prostate cancer. A critical scientific, medical and public interest issue (United States). Cancer Causes Control 16:901–915

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Costello LC, Franklin RB (2006) The clinical relevance of the metabolism of prostate cancer; zinc and tumor suppression: connecting the dots. Mol Cancer 5:17–30

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Vaquero MP (2002) Magnesium and trace elements in the elderly: intake, status and recommendations. J Nutr Health Aging 6:147–153

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. King JC, Shames DM, Woodhouse LB (2000) Zinc homeostasis in humans. J Nutr 130:1360S–1366S

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Krebs NF (2000) Overview of zinc absorption and excretion in the human gastrointestinal tract. J Nutr 130:1374S–1377S

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Lonnerdal B (2000) Dietary factors influencing zinc absorption. J Nutr 130:1378S–1383S

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Hienzsch E, Schneider H-J, Anke M (1970) Vergleichende Untersuchungen zum Mengen- und Spurenelementgehalt der normalen Prostata, des Prostataadenoms und des Prostatakarzinoms. Z Urol Nephrol 63:543–546

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Leissner KM, Fielkegard B, Tisell LE (1980) Concentration and content of zinc in human prostate. Invest Urol 18:32–35

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Tisell LE, Fielkegard B, Leissner KM (1982) Zinc concentration and content of the dorsal, lateral and medial prostatic lobes and of periurethral adenomas in man. J Urol 128:403–405

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Oldereid NB, Thomassen Y, Attramadal A, Olaisen B, Purvis K (1993) Concentrations of lead, cadmium and zinc in the tissues of reproductive organs of men. J Reprod Fertil 99:421–425

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Zaichick V (2004) Losses of chemical elements in biological samples under the dry aching process. Trace Elem Med 5(3):17–22

    Google Scholar 

  56. Tipton IH, Cook MJ (1963) Trace elements in human tissue. Part II. Adult subjects from the United States. Health Phys 9:103–145

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Jaritz M, Anke M, Holzinger S (1998) Der Bariumgehalt verschiedener Organe von Feldhase, Wildschwein, Damhirsch, Reh, Rothirsch, Mufflon and Mensch. In: Mengen- und Spurenelemente. 18. Arbeitstagung. Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Jena, pp 467–474

  58. Holm W, Schneider H-J, Anke M (1971) Der Mineralstoffgehalt des Ejakulates und seine Beziehung zum Mengen- und Spurenelementgehalt von Prostate, Samenblase, Nebenhoden und Hoden. Arch Exper Vet Med 25:811–815

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Tohno S, Kobayashi M, Shimizu H, Tohno Y, Suwannahoy P, Azuma C, Minami T, Sinthubua A, Mahakkanukrauh P (2009) Age-related changes of the concentrations of select elements in the prostates of Japanese. Biol Trace Elem Res 127:211–227

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Anspaugh LR, Robinson WL, Martin WH, Lowe OA (1971–1973) Compilation of published information on elemental concentrations in human organs in both normal and diseased states. No. UCRL-51013Pt., pp 1–4

  61. Jafa A, Mahendra NM, Chowdhury AR, Kamboj VP (1980) Trace elements in prostatic tissue and plasma in prostatic diseases of man. Indian J Cancer 17:34–37

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Sangen H (1967) The influence of the trace metals upon the aconitase activity in human prostate glands. Jap J Urol 58:1146–1159

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Yamagata N (1962) The concentration of common cesium and rubidium in human body. J Radiat Res 3:9–30

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Marezynska A, Kulpa J, Lenko J (1983) The concentration of zinc in relation to fundamental elements in the diseases human prostate. Int Urol Nephrol 15:257–265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Schneider H-J, Anke M, Holm W (1970) The inorganic components of testicle, epididymis, seminal vesicle, prostate and ejaculate of young men. Int Urol Nephrol 2:419–427

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Soman SD, Joseph KT, Raut SJ, Mulay GD, Parameswaran M, Pandey VK (1970) Studies of major and trace element content in human tissues. Health Phys 19:641–656

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Forssen A (1972) Inorganic elements in the human body. I. Occurrence of Ba, Br, Ca, Cd, Cs, Cu, K, Mn, Ni, Sn, Sr, Y and Zn in the human body. Annales medicinae Experimentalis et Biologie (Finland) 50:99–162

  68. Györkey F, Min K-W, Huff JA, Györkey P (1967) Zinc and magnesium in human prostate gland: normal, hyperplastic, and neoplastic. Cancer Res 27:1349–1353

    Google Scholar 

  69. Saltzman BE, Gross SB, Yeager DW, Meiners BG, Gartside PS (1990) Total body burdens and tissue concentrations of lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, and ach in 55 human cadavers. Environ Res 52:126–145

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to Prof. A.A. Zhavoronkov, Institute of Human Morphology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow for supplying prostate samples, and acknowledge the support of the Presidium of Russian Academy of Sciences, program for basic research: “Creation and improvement of methods of chemical analysis, and investigation of substances and material structure.”

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vladimir Zaichick.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Zaichick, V., Nosenko, S. & Moskvina, I. The Effect of Age on 12 Chemical Element Contents in the Intact Prostate of Adult Men Investigated by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry. Biol Trace Elem Res 147, 49–58 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-011-9294-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-011-9294-4

Keywords

Navigation