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Estimation of Dietary Pb and Cd Intake from Pb and Cd in Blood or Urine

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Abstract

Successful trials were made to estimate the dietary daily intake of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) via foods from the levels of the metals in blood or urine. In practice, 14 and 15 reports were available for Pb and Cd in blood (Pb-B and Cd-B), urine (Pb-U and Cd-U) and 24-h diet duplicates (Pb-D and Cd-D), respectively, from which 68 pairs each of Pb or Cd in blood and food duplicates [each being geometric mean (GM) values for the survey sites] were obtained. Regression analysis revealed that there was a significant correlation between Pb-B and Pb-D, and also between Cd-B and Cd-D, suggesting that it should be possible to estimate both Pb-D and Cd-D from Pb-B and Cd-B, respectively. For Cd-U, the number of available cases was limited (20 pairs), but a significant correlation was detected between Cd-U (as Cd-Ucr, or Cd levels in urine as corrected for creatinine concentration) and Cd-D. Care should be taken in estimating Pb-D from Pb-B, as the ratio of Pb-D over Pb-B may decrease as a function of increasing Pb-B levels. The Pb-D (μg/day) for typical Japanese women with Pb-B of 15 μg/l was best estimated to be 13.5 μg/day. No Cd-B- or Cd-Ucr-dependent change was detected in case of Cd. The best estimate of Cd-D for Cd-B at 1.5 μg/l should be about 19.4 μg/day.

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Acknowledgments

A part of this study was supported by Grants-in Aid from Food Safety Commission, Japan (No.0802) for fiscal years 2008–2009.

Thanks are due to the administration and staff of Kyoto Industrial Health Association, Kyoto, Japan, for their interest in and support to this study.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Kyoto Industrial Health Association (Main Office), 67 Nishinokyo-Kitatsuboicho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto, 604-8472, Japan

    Masayuki Ikeda, Fumiko Ohashi & Yoshinari Fukui

  2. Kyoto Women’s University, Kyoto, 605-8501, Japan

    Shinichiro Shimbo

  3. Miyagi University of Education, Sendai, 980-0845, Japan

    Takao Watanabe

  4. Kyoto Industrial Health Association (Mibu Office), Kyoto, 604-8871, Japan

    Sonoko Sakuragi & Jiro Moriguchi

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  1. Masayuki Ikeda
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  4. Fumiko Ohashi
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  5. Yoshinari Fukui
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Correspondence to Masayuki Ikeda.

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Ikeda, M., Shimbo, S., Watanabe, T. et al. Estimation of Dietary Pb and Cd Intake from Pb and Cd in Blood or Urine. Biol Trace Elem Res 139, 269–286 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-010-8661-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-010-8661-x

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