Abstract
As fluoride has a very short half-life in the body and the major route for fluoride excretion is via the kidney, human exposure is best measured in urine, where the concentration is expected to be highest. The urinary fluoride concentrations of 167 healthy Japanese adults were determined by means of a fluoride ion selective electrode. When the results were corrected for a specific gravity ρ = 1.024 g cm−3, the histogram of urinary fluoride concentrations highly skewed toward low values with sharp peakedness (skewness = 1.56, kurtosis = 3.08). The normality of the log-transformed histogram (skewness = 0.12, kurtosis = 0.07) and the straight line on log-probability paper clearly showed a key feature of lognormal distribution of urinary fluoride. A geometric mean (GM) of 613.8 μg/l and 95% confidential interval (CI) of 241.0–1633.1 μg/l were established as reference values for urinary fluoride. The results presented in this study will be useful as guidelines for the biological monitoring of fluoride in normal subjects and individuals at risk of occupational or environmental fluoride exposure.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Richards D (2006) Fluoride varnish should be part of caries prevention programmes. Evid Based Dent 7:65–66
Kleerekoper M (1998) The role of fluoride in the prevention of osteoporosis. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 27:441–452
Bawaskar HS, Bawaskar PH (2006) Endemic fluorosis in an isolated village in western Maharashtra, India. Trop Doct 36:221–223
Ruan JP, Yang ZQ, Wang ZL, Astrom AN, Bardsen A, Bjorvatn K (2005) Dental fluorosis and dental caries in permanent teeth: rural schoolchildren in high-fluoride areas in the Shaanxi province, China. Acta Odontol Scand 63:258–265
Haimanot RT, Fekadu A, Bushra B (1987) Endemic fluorosis in the Ethiopian Rift Valley. Trop Geogr Med 39:209–217
Edelman P (1986) Hydrofluoric acid burns. Occup Med 1:89–103
Takase I, Kono K, Tamura A, Nishio H, Dote T, Suzuki K (2004) Fatality due to acute fluoride poisoning in the workplace. Leg Med 6:197–200
World Health Organization (1994) Fluorides and oral health. Report of a WHO Expert Committee on Oral Health Status and Fluoride Use. WHO Technical Report Series no. 846, pp 1–37
Food and Nutrition Board, National Research Council (1989) Recommended Dietary Allowances, 10th edn. National Academy Press, Washington, DC
Jost M, Rudaz G, Liechti B (1988) Biological monitoring of fluoride-exposed workers in Switzerland: development of the internal fluoride burden in the last 10 years. Soz Praventivmed 33:112–118
Kono K, Yoshida Y, Watanabe M, Orita Y, Dote T, Bessho Y (1993) Urine, serum and hair monitoring of hydrofluoric acid workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 65:S95–S98
Assefa G, Shifera G, Melaku Z, Haimanot RT (2004) Clinical and radiological prevalence of skeletal fluorosis among retired employees of Wonji-Shoa sugar estate in Ethiopia. East Afr Med J 81:638–640
Hodge HC, Smith FA, Gedalia I (1970) Excretion of fluorides. In: Fluorides and Human Health, World Health Organization Monograph Series No. 59, WHO, Geneva, pp. 141–161
Carlson C, Armstrong W, Singer L (1960) Distribution and excretion of radiofluoride in the human. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 104:235–239
Kuo HW, Chang WG, Huang YS, Lai JS (1999) Comparison of gas chromatographic and ion selective electrode methods for measuring fluoride in urine. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 62:677–684
Gotjamanos T, Orton V (1998) Fluoride ion concentration in 40 per cent silver fluoride solutions determined by ion selective electrode and ion chromatography techniques. Aust Dent J 43:55–56
Kondo T (1969) Application of fluoride electrode to analysis of environmental and biological samples. I. Comparison with colorimetric methods and application to water analysis. Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi 24:448–453
Yoshida Y, Toyota S, Kono K, Watanabe M, Iwasaki K, Kato I (1978) Fluoride ion levels in the biological fluids of electronic industrial workers. Bull Osaka Med Sch 24:56–67
Yadav JP, Lata S (2003) Urinary fluoride levels and prevalence of dental fluorosis in children of Jhajjar District, Haryana. Indian J Med Sci 57:394–399
Warpeha RA, Marthaler TM (1995) Urinary fluoride excretion in Jamaica in relation to fluoridated salt. Caries Res 29:35–41
Kono K, Yoshida Y, Yamagata H, Watanabe M, Shibuya Y, Doi K (1987) Urinary fluoride monitoring of industrial hydrofluoric acid exposure. Environ Res 42:415–420
Iguchi K, Usuda K, Kono K, Dote T, Nishiura H, Shimahara M, Tanaka Y (1999) Urinary lithium: distribution shape, reference values, and evaluation of exposure by inductively coupled plasma argon-emission spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 23:17–23
Usuda K, Kono K, Dote T, Miyata K, Nishiura H, Shimahara M, Sugimoto K (1998) Study on urine boron reference values of Japanese men: use of confidence intervals as an indicator of exposure to boron compounds. Sci Total Environ 220:45–53
Usuda K, Kono K, Hayashi S, Kawasaki T, Mitsui G, Shibutani T, Dote E, Adachi K, Fujihara M, Shimbo Y, Sun W, Lu B, Nakasuji K (2006) Determination of reference concentratios of strontium in urine by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Environ Health Prev Med 11:11–16
Levine L, Fahy JP (1945) Evaluation of urinary lead determinations, 1. The significance of specific gravity. J Ind Hyg Toxicol 27:217–223
Usuda K, Kono K, Dote T, Shimizu H, Tominaga M, Koizumi C, Nakase E, Toshina Y, Iwai J, Kawasaki T, Akashi M (2002) Log-normal distribution of the trace element data results from a mixture of stocahstic input and deterministic internal dynamics. Biol Trace Elem Res 86:45–54
Kiilunen M, Jarvisalo J, Makitie O, Aitio A (1987) Analysis, storage stability and reference values for urinary chromium and nickel. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 59:43–50
Yabu Y, Miyai K, Endo Y, Hata N, Iijima Y, Hayashizaki S, Fushimi R, Harada T, Nose O, Kobayashi A et al (1998) Urinary iodide excretion measured with an iodide-selective ion electrode: studies on normal subjects of varying ages and patients with thyroid diseases. Endocrinol Jpn 35:391–398
Sabbioni E, Minoia C, Ronchi A, Hansen BG, Pietra R, Balducci C (1994) Trace element reference values in tissues from inhabitants of the European Union. VIII. Thallium in the Italian population. Sci Total Environ 158:227–236
Ando M, Tadano M, Yamamoto S, Tamura K, Asanuma S, Watanabe T, Kondo T, Sakurai S, Ji R, Liang C, Chen X, Hong Z, Cao S (2001) Health effects of fluoride pollution caused by coal burning. Sci Total Environ 271:107–116
Massmann W (1981) Reference values of renal excretion of fluoride. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 19:1039–1041
Toyota S (1979) Fluorine content in the urine and in the serum of hydrofluoric acid workers as an index of health administration. Sangyo Igaku 21:335–348
Foo LC, Chong YH (1975) Fluoride studies in Malaysia, Southeast Asian. J Trop Med Public Health 6:264–268
Singh B, Gaur S, Garg VK (2006) Fluoride in drinking water and human urine in Southern. Haryana, India. J Hazard Mater (Oct 11; Epub ahead of print)
Irlweck K, Czitober H, Machata G (1979) Fluorine in the urine and bones of occupationally exposed workers and non-exposed men. Acta Med Austriaca 6:99–103
Heintze SD, Bastos JR, Bastos R (1998) Urinary fluoride levels and prevalence of dental fluorosis in three Brazilian cities with different fluoride concentrations in the drinking water. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 26:316–323
Porcar C, Bronsoms J, Lopez-Bonet E, Valles M (1998) Fluorosis, osteomalacia and pseudohyperparathyroidism in a patient with renal failure. Nephron 79:234–235
Usuda K, Kono K, Yoshida Y (1997) The effect of hemodialysis upon serum levels of fluoride. Nephron 75:175–178
Usuda K, Kono K, Watanabe T, Dote T, Shimizu H, Tominaga M, Koizumi C, Nishiura H, Goto E, Nakaya H, Arisue M, Fukutomi A (2002) Hemodialyzability of ionizable fluoride in hemodialysis session. Sci Total Environ 297:183–191
Asanami S, Tanabe Y, Koga H, Takaesu Y (1989) Fluoride contents in tea and Sakura-shrimp in relation to other inorganic constituents. Shikwa Gakuho 89:1407–1412
Fein NJ, Cerklewski FL (2001) Fluoride content of foods made with mechanically separated chicken. J Agric Food Chem 49:4284–4286
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Usuda, K., Kono, K., Shimbo, Y. et al. Urinary Fluoride Reference Values Determined by a Fluoride Ion Selective Electrode. Biol Trace Elem Res 119, 27–34 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-007-0044-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-007-0044-6