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Rhodamine-Conjugated Anti-Stokes Gold Nanoparticles with Higher ROS Quantum Yield as Theranostic Probe to Arrest Cancer and MDR Bacteria

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Abstract

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has recently become significant as a clinical modality for cancer therapy and multidrug-resistant (MDR) infections, replacing conventional chemotherapy and radiation therapy protocols. PDT involves the excitation of certain nontoxic molecules called photosensitizers (PS), applying a specific wavelength of light to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) to treat cancer cells and other pathogens. Rhodamine 6G (R6G) is a well-known laser dye with poor aqueous solubility, and lower sensitivity poses an issue in using PS for PDT. Nanocarrier systems are needed to deliver R6G to cancer targets since PDT requires a higher accumulation of PS. It was found that R6G-conjugated gold nanoparticles (AuNP) have a higher ROS quantum yield of 0.92 compared to 0.3 in an aqueous R6G solution, increasing their potency as PS. Cytotoxicity assessment on A549 cells and antibacterial assay on MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa collected from a sewage treatment plant are the evidence to support efficient PDT. In addition to their enhanced quantum yields, the decorated particles are effective in generating fluorescent signals that can be used for cellular imaging and real-time optical imaging, and the presence of AuNP is a valuable addition to CT imaging. Furthermore, the fabricated particle exhibits anti-Stokes properties, which makes it suitable for use as a background-free biological imaging agent. As a result, R6G-conjugated AuNP is an effective theranostic agent that prevents the progression of cancer and MDR bacteria, along with contrasting abilities in medical imaging with minimal toxicity observed in in vitro and in vivo assays using zebrafish embryos.

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Acknowledgements

CARE is acknowledged for financial and infrastructural assistance. PP, KH, and PG are thankful to CARE for the fellowship.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Medical Bionanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute (CHRI), Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Kelambakkam, Chennai, 603 103, India

    Pragya Pallavi, Karthick Harini, Pemula Gowtham, Koyeli Girigoswami & Agnishwar Girigoswami

  2. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, 30460, USA

    Symone Crowder & Debanjana Ghosh

  3. Department of Chemistry, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Science Building West, Edwardsville, IL, 62026-1652, USA

    Debanjana Ghosh

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  1. Pragya Pallavi
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Correspondence to Agnishwar Girigoswami.

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Pallavi, P., Harini, K., Crowder, S. et al. Rhodamine-Conjugated Anti-Stokes Gold Nanoparticles with Higher ROS Quantum Yield as Theranostic Probe to Arrest Cancer and MDR Bacteria. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 195, 6979–6993 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-023-04475-0

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