Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Identification of Bioactive Compounds of Leaf Extracts of Sida cordata (Burm.f.) Borss.Waalk. by GC/MS Analysis

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Sida cordata (Burm.f.) Borss.Waalk. is a perennial prostrate herb belonging to the family Malvaceae found in the tropical and subtropical plains of India, Sri Lanka and Pakistan. It is one of the most essential plants in Ayurveda and Siddha system of traditional medicine and is used to treat various diseases and ailments. The present study is carried out to investigate the preliminary phytochemicals and bioactive compounds of leaf extracts by GC–MS. GC–MS analysis of leaf extracts revealed the presence of 50 compounds in all four solvents. Petroleum ether extract showed the presence of 18 compounds, whereas ethanol extract showed 12 compounds; chloroform and acetone extracts showed the presence of 10 compounds each. Phytol is the most significant compound in petroleum ether (28.72%), ethanol (32.99%), and acetone (41.61%) extracts. Whereas in chloroform extract, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid (49.07%) is the most significant bioactive compound having antioxidant, antifouling and antimicrobial properties.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

All the data obtained during this study are included in this article.

References

  1. Che, C. T., George, V., Ijinu, T. P., Pushpangadan, P., & Andrae-Marobela, K. (2017). Traditional medicine. In Badal, S. McCreath, & R. Delgoda (Eds.), Pharmacognosy: Fundamentals, Applications and strategies (pp. 15–30). Academic.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  2. Ramya, R. (2022). GC-MS analysis of bioactive compounds in ethanolic leaf extract of Hellenia speciosa (J.Koenig) S.R. Dutta. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 194, 176–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Dushyant, K. S., Parikshit, K. S., Rajesh, K. P., & Rajneesh, K. A. (2021). Ethnobotanical approaches, pharmacological and phytochemical benefits of genus Sida used in traditional medicines. Journal of Medical Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences, 10(4), 3304–3309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Khare, C., & P. (2007). Indian medicinal plants. An illustrated dictionary. Springer science, Springer-Verlag.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  5. Dinda, B., Das, N., Dinda, S., Dinda, M., & Sharma, I. S. (2015). The genus Sida L. a traditional medicine: Its ethnopharmacological, phytochemical and pharmacological data for commercial exploitation in herbal drugs industry. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 176, 135–176.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Gulnaz, A. R., & Savitha, G. (2013). Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of leaf and stem extracts of Siddha medicinal plant Sida cordata (Burm.f.) Borss.Waalk. International Journal of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3(3), 39–50.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Khatoon, S., Srivastava, M., Rawat, A. K. S., & Mehrotra, S. (2005). HPTLC method for chemical standardization of Sida species and estimation of the alkaloid ephedrine. Journal of Planar Chromatography, 18, 364–367.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Ganesh, M., & Mohankumar, M. (2017). Extraction and identification of bioactive components in Sida cordata (Burm.f.) Borss. Waalk. using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 54(10), 3082–3091.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Gnanasekaran, D., Umamaheswara, C. R., Jaiprakash, B., Narayanan, N., Elizabeth, H. S., & Kiran, R. Y. (2012). Adaptogenic activity of a Siddha medicinal plant: Sida cordata. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research, 3(1), 7–11.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Shah, N. A., & Khan, M. R. (2014). Antidiabetic effect of Sida cordata in alloxan induced diabetic rats. BioMed Research International, 2014, 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Gulnaz, A. R., & Sneha, S. V. (2020). Effect of Sida cordata (Burm.f.) Borss. extracts on oral cancer: An in vitro study. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 9(5), 3052–3060.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Shinde, P. P., Khule, S. D., Sonawale, S., & Shelke, S. (2021). Anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extract of plant Sida cordata in carrageen-induced paw edema in rats. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Scientific Innovation, 10(2), 53–55.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Kumar, D., Arora, S., Kumar, M., Takur, M. K., & Singh, A. P. (2014). Membrane stabilizing activity and antioxidant effect of Sida cordata (Burm.f.) Borss and Rhododendron arboretum SM. leaves. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 5(1), 165–170.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Banakar, P., & Jayaraj, M. (2017). Pharmacognosy, phytochemistry and GC-MS analysis of ethanolic stem extract of Waltheria indica L. - A potent medicinal plant. Journal of Biologically Active Products from Nature, 7(5), 369–378.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Nagannawar, A. G., & Jayaraj, M. (2018). Pharmacognosy and preliminary phytochemical investigation on Mollugo oppositifolia L., a traditional medicinal herb. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 7(4), 509–512.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Gulnaz, A. R., & Savitha, G. (2013). Phytochemical evaluation of leaf and stem extracts of siddha medicinal plant: Sida cordata (Burm.f.) Borss. Waalk. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2(15), 2514–2521.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Singh, A. S., & Vellapandian, C. (2022). Phytochemical studies, antioxidant potential, and identification of bioactive compounds using GC–MS of the ethanolic extract of Luffa cylindrica (L.) Fruit. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-022-03961-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Sethuraman, S. P., & Ramachandran, K. P. (2022). Chemical profiling of volatile bioactives in Luisia tenuifolia Blume successive extracts by GC–MS analysis. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 194, 84–98.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Begum, F., Mohankumar, R., Jeevan, M., & Ramani, K. (2016). GC–MS analysis of bio-active molecules derived from Paracoccus pantotrophus FMR19 and the antimicrobial activity against bacterial pathogens and MDROs. Indian Journal of Microbiology, 56(4), 426–432.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Mujeeb, F., Bajpai, P., & Pathak, N. (2014). Phytochemical evaluation, antimicrobial activity and determination of bioactive components from leaves of Aegle marmelos. BioMed Research International, 2014, 1–11.

  21. Swamy, N. T., Rosaiah, G., Babu, K., & Vijay, K. K. (2019). A study on phytochemical composition, GC-MS analysis and anti-microbial potential of methanolic leaf extract of Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 10(3), 747–755.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Mishra, D. N., Gomare, K. S., & Sheelwant, S. V. (2020). GC-MS analysis and phytochemical screening of Indigofera tinctoria (Linn.) leaf extract characterizing its medicinal use. International Journal of Ayurvedic Medicine, 11(2), 289–299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Arora, S., Kumar, G., & Meena, S. (2017). Screening and evaluation of bioactive components of Cenchrus ciliaris L. by GC-MS analysis. International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 8(6), 69–76.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Adnan, M., NazimUddin, C. M., Kamal, A. T. M., Azad, M. O. K., Paul, A., Uddin, S. B., Barlow, J. W., Faruque, M. O., Park, C. H., & Cho, D. H. (2019). Investigation of the biological activities and characterization of bioactive constituents of Ophiorrhiza rugosa var. prostrata (D.Don) & Mondal leaves through in vivo, in vitro, and in silico approaches. Molecules, 24(7), 1367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Venkata Raman, B., Samuel, L. A., Saradhi, P. M., Rao, N. B., Vamsi Krishna, N. A., Sudhakar, M., & Radhakrishnan, T. M. (2012). Antibacterial, antioxidant activity and GC-MS analysis of Eupatorium odoratum. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 5(2), 99–106.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Koudehi, M. F., Ardalan, A. A., & Zibaseresht, R. (2020). Chemical constituents of an Iranian grown Capsicum annuum and their cytotoxic activities evaluation. Organic and Medical Chemistry International Journal, 9(3), 112–118.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Sudha, T., Chidambarampillai, S., & Mohan, V. R. (2013). GC-MS analysis of bioactive components of aerial parts of Fluggea leucopyrus Willd. (Euphorbiaceae). Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 3(05), 126–130.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Evran, S., Yaşa, İ, & Telefoncu, A. (2010). Modification of lysozyme with oleoyl chloride for broadening the antimicrobial specificity. Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 40, 316–325.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Krishnan, A., & Kandasamy, R. (2016). Phytochemical screening, GC-MS characterization and in vitro antibacterial activity of whole plant Blepharis boerhavifolia Pers. against MRSA. International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 7(12), 50–55.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Konovalova, O., Gergel, E., & Herhel, V. (2013). GC-MS analysis of bioactive components of Shepherdia argentea (Pursh.) Nutt. from Ukrainian flora. The Pharma Innovation – Journal, 2(6), 7–12.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Rautela, I., Parveen, A., Singh, P., & Sharma, M. D. (2019). GC-MS analyses of ethanolic leaf extract of medicinal plant Solanum nigrum. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 8(7), 2299–2307.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Arora, S., Kumar, G., & Meena, S. (2017). Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis of root of an economically important plant, Cenchus ciliaris L. from Thar desert, Rajasthan (India). Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 10(9), 64–69.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Jyothi, K. J., & Sunil, C. N. (2018). GC-MS analysis and nutrient evaluation of rare, endemic and threatened species- Aponogeton appendiculatus v. Bruggen of South India. Indian Journal of Scientific Research, 20(1), 07–11.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Soosairaj, S., & Dons, T. (2016). Bio-active compounds analysis and characterization in ethanolic plant extracts of Justicia tranquebariensis L. (Acanthaceae) – Using GC-MS. International Journal of ChemTech Research, 9(07), 260–265.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Zhao, F., Wang, P., Lucardi, R. D., Su, Z., & Li, S. (2020). Natural sources and bioactivities of 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol and its analogs. Toxins, 12(35), 1–26.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Adeyemi, M. A., Ekunseitan, D. A., Abiola, S. S., Dipeolu, M. A., Egbeyale, L. T., & Sogunle, O. M. (2017). Phytochemical analysis and GC-MS determination of Lagenaria breviflora R. fruit. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, 9(7), 1045–1050.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Gideon, V. A. (2015). GC-MS analysis of phytochemical components of Pseudoglochidion anamalayanum Gamble: An endangered medicinal tree. Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research, 5(12), 36–41.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Mohan, S. C., & Anand, T. (2019). Comparative study of identification of bioactive compounds from Barringtonia acutangula leaves and bark extracts and its biological activity. Journal of Applied Sciences, 19(6), 528–536.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Yarazari, S. B., & Jayaraj, M. (2022). GC–MS analysis of bioactive compounds of flower extracts of Calycopteris floribunda Lam.: A multi potent medicinal plant. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-022-03993-7

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the Chairman, Department of Studies in Botany, Karnatak University, Dharwad, for providing the necessary facilities; KSTePS, Govt. of Karnataka, for financial support to one of the authors; and KFRI Trissur, Kerala, for GC-MS analysis.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Studies in Botany, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India

    Mahantesh Banni & M. Jayaraj

Authors
  1. Mahantesh Banni
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. Jayaraj
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Mahantesh Banni: collection and processing of plant material, methodology, formal analysis and investigation, writing — original draft preparation. M Jayaraj: conceptualization, methodology, review, editing, and supervision.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mahantesh Banni.

Ethics declarations

Ethical Approval

Not applicable.

Consent to Participate

Not applicable.

Consent for Publication

Not applicable.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Banni, M., Jayaraj, M. Identification of Bioactive Compounds of Leaf Extracts of Sida cordata (Burm.f.) Borss.Waalk. by GC/MS Analysis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 195, 556–572 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-022-04115-z

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-022-04115-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation