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Evaluation of Candida rugosa Lipase Immobilized on Magnetic Nanoparticles in Enzymatic/Chemical Hydroesterification for Biodiesel Production

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Abstract

This study aimed to (i) prepare functionalized maghemite nanoparticles for immobilization of Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) by covalent binding, (ii) evaluate the application of the immobilized derivative in the hydrolysis of waste cooking oil (WCO) to fatty acids, and (iii) assess the potential of the hydrolyzed material for biodiesel production by hydroesterification. Maghemite (γFe2O3) obtained by precipitation of Fe3Cl2 with NH4OH served as an efficient support for covalent immobilization of CRL. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and hydrolytic activity analysis indicated that CRL was covalently immobilized on the surface of the maghemite support. The derivative showed an activity of 166.62 ± 8 U g−1 in WCO hydrolysis at 40 °C and pH 6. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that, after lipase immobilization, nanoparticles became more dispersed, which is advantageous for biocatalysis reactions, as it increases the contact area with the substrate. WCO hydrolysis afforded 96 ± 0.2 wt% free fatty acids. In the second step, free fatty acids were subjected to chemical esterification with sulfuric acid, affording 94.4 ± 0.02 wt% fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel). The findings of this study contribute to the field of biotechnology and may promote the development of enzymatic technologies for the synthesis of products of economic and social interest.

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Funding

This research used resources from the Center for Monitoring and Research of the Quality of Fuels, Biofuels, Crude Oil and Derivatives, which is supported by the FUNDUNESP. This study was financed in part by the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP, grant nos. 2018/09904–3 and 2020/09592–1) and the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, process no. 28/2018, grant no. 424931/2018–4).

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Author notes

  1. Otávio Domingues and Daniela Remonatto contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Engineering of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, 14800-903, Brazil

    Otávio Domingues, Daniela Remonatto & Ariela Veloso de Paula

  2. Department of Organic Chemistry, Center for Monitoring and Research of the Quality of Fuels, Biofuels, Crude Oil and Derivatives, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, 14800-900, Brazil

    Letícia Karen dos Santos & Danilo Luiz Flumignan

  3. School of Nutrition and Dietetic, University of Antioquia (UdeA), Medellin, Colombia

    Julián Paul Martínez Galán

  4. Mato Grosso Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology (IFSC), Cuiabá, MT, 78005-200, Brazil

    Danilo Luiz Flumignan

Authors
  1. Otávio Domingues
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  3. Letícia Karen dos Santos
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  5. Danilo Luiz Flumignan
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  6. Ariela Veloso de Paula
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Contributions

All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Otávio Domingues: Investigation and writing (original draft preparation). Daniela Remonatto: Investigation and writing (original draft preparation). Letícia K. dos Santos: Writing (review and editing) and validation. Julián Paul Martínez Galán: Conceptualization, writing (review and editing), and validation. Danilo Luiz Flumignan: Conceptualization, investigation, and supervision. Ariela V. de Paula: Conceptualization, investigation, supervision, and resources.

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Correspondence to Daniela Remonatto.

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Domingues, O., Remonatto, D., dos Santos, L.K. et al. Evaluation of Candida rugosa Lipase Immobilized on Magnetic Nanoparticles in Enzymatic/Chemical Hydroesterification for Biodiesel Production. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 194, 5419–5442 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-022-04046-9

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