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Phytochemical Screening and Bioactivity Studies of Endophytes Cladosporium sp. Isolated from the Endangered Plant Vateria Indica Using In Silico and In Vitro Analysis

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Abstract

Vateria indica is persistent tree used in Unani sources for the medication and classified as critically endangered. Thus, endophytes for alternative methods to explore these endangered Plants having rich source pharmaceuticals’ active molecules for drug development and production. Endophytes comprises unexplored microbes as a potential source of rich pharmaceutically bioactive compounds attributable to their relationship with the host. In the current study, we have isolated endophyte fungi Cladosporium from the plant Vateria indica and performed phytochemical screening of its ethanolic extract to detect the phytochemicals using thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), UV–visible spectrophotometry (UV–VIS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). GC–MS analysis revealed the presence of an anticancer compound hydroxymethyl colchicine, antioxidant compound benzoic acid, and antimicrobial 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-5-nitro in endophyte fungal extract of plant Vateria indica. Moreover, in silico analysis of bioactive compounds identified by GC–MS analysis using the Autodock Vina and SwissADME confirmed excellent anticancer activity methanone, [4-amino-2-[(phenylmethyl) amino]-5-thiazolyl] (4-fluorophenyl)- and hydroxymethyl colchicine against 6VO4 (Bfl-1 protein) as per Lipinski rule. Furthermore, we also demonstrated the excellent antioxidant of endophytic extract compared to plant extract by DPPH and ABTS assay, as well as antimicrobial activity against both Gram (+ ve) and Gram (− ve) bacteria. Moreover, the endophytic extract also showed its antimitotic activity with a mitotic index of 65.32, greater than the plant extract of 32.56 at 10 mg/ml. Thus endophytic fungi Cladosporium species isolated from plant Vateria indica might be used as a potential source for phytochemical anticancer hydroxymethyl colchicine, an antioxidant benzoic acid, and antimicrobial 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-5-nitro.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Kuvempu University, Jnana Sahyadri, Shankaraghatta, Shivamogga Dist., Karnataka, India, 577451

    Mona Isaq, Yerappa Lakshmikanth Ramachandra, Sunitha Bommanahalli Rudraiah & Pooja Ravi

  2. Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (Deemed to Be University), Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Chennai, India, 602105

    Prathap Somu

  3. School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, 38541, Republic of Korea

    Prathap Somu & Yong Rok Lee

  4. Department of Biotechnology, GIET University, Gunupur, Odisha, India, 765022

    Diptikanta Acharya

  5. Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences (Deemed to Be University), Karunya NagarTamil Nadu, Coimbatore, India, 641114

    Levin Anbu Gomez & Jesse Joel Thathapudi

  6. Department of Biotechnology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Udupi, Karnataka, India, 576102

    Padmalatha S. Rai

  7. Department of Botany, Baruneswar Mohavidyalaya, Lenkasahi, Jajpur, Odisha, India, 755027

    Rosina Rosalin

  8. Department of Biotechnology, Shridevi Institute of Engineering & Technology, Sira Road, Tumkur, Karnataka, India, 572106

    Chandrappa Chinna Poojari

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  1. Mona Isaq
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Contributions

Conceptualization: Prathap Somu (lead), Yerappa Lakshmikanth Ramachandra, Chandrappa Chinna Poojari, and Yong Rok Lee; data collection, data analysis, and interpretation: Mona Isaq, Pooja Ravi, Diptikanta Acharya, and Jesse Joel Thathapudi; drafting the article: Pooja Ravi, Levin Anbu Gomez, Sunitha Bommanahalli Rudraiah, and Jesse Joel Thathapudi; critical revision of the article and approved: Prathap Somu and Yong Rok Lee.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Prathap Somu, Chandrappa Chinna Poojari or Yong Rok Lee.

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Isaq, M., Somu, P., Acharya, D. et al. Phytochemical Screening and Bioactivity Studies of Endophytes Cladosporium sp. Isolated from the Endangered Plant Vateria Indica Using In Silico and In Vitro Analysis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 194, 4546–4569 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-022-03933-5

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