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Ho3+-Induced ZnO: Structural, Electron Density Distribution and Antibacterial Activity for Biomedical Application

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Abstract

The current investigation focused on the synthesis and characterization of Zn1-xHoxO (X = 0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, and 0.08) materials. The rare-earth Ho3+-doped ZnO materials have been prepared using a chemical precipitation process. The phase pure hexagonal structured ZnO crystal system has been observed by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterization. The detailed structural analysis of prepared materials has been investigated by the Rietveld refinement method. The surface morphology and elemental composition of the prepared materials have been characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDAX). The presence of vibrational links associated with various functional groups has been displayed by FTIR spectroscopy. The energy gap of synthesized materials has been studied using UV–Vis spectroscopy. To study the luminescence activity of produced materials, photoluminescence (PL) analysis has been utilized. The light-green emission at around 507 nm has been obtained by synthesized materials under 380-nm excitation. In addition, the electron density distribution has been accomplished in synthesized materials. At 6% of Ho3+, substituted ZnO exposes the maximum covalent and ionic nature between Zn–O bond along with horizontal and vertical axis, respectively. Moreover, the antibacterial activity of synthesized materials has been done through Proteus vulgaris and Enterococcus faecalis. Following that the destruction of human red blood cells has been examined by hemolysis investigation. All experimental results suggested that the 6% of Ho3+ dopant is the optimized level of ZnO host lattice. The present work paves a promising path to get efficient material for biomedical applications.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Madura College in Madurai for their continuous support of the research activities. I would like to thank the Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education (KARE) and the International Research Centre (IRC) for making PXRD, SEM, and EDAX available to me.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Centre & PG, Department of Physics, The Madura College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625011, India

    K. Vignesh & M. Prema Rani

  2. Department of Physics, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnan Kovil, Tamil Nadu, 626126, India

    D. Sivaganesh & S. Saravanakumar

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  1. K. Vignesh
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  2. D. Sivaganesh
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  3. S. Saravanakumar
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  4. M. Prema Rani
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Conceptualization, K. Vignesh; methodology, K. Vignesh; formal analysis and investigation, K. Vignesh; writing (original draft preparation), K. Vignesh; writing (review and editing), D. Sivaganesh; resources, S. Saravanakumar; supervision, M. Prema Rani.

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Correspondence to M. Prema Rani.

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Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology [Manuscript number ABAB-D-21–01091] [Corresponding author: K. Vignesh].

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Vignesh, K., Sivaganesh, D., Saravanakumar, S. et al. Ho3+-Induced ZnO: Structural, Electron Density Distribution and Antibacterial Activity for Biomedical Application. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 195, 3941–3965 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-022-03865-0

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