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A Distance-Based Microfluidic Paper-Based Biosensor for Glucose Measurements in Tear Range

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Abstract

The prevalence of diabetes has increased over the past years. Therefore, developing minimally invasive, user-friendly, and cost-effective glucose biosensors is necessary especially in low-income and developing countries. Cellulose paper–based analytical devices have attracted the attention of many researchers due to affordability, not requiring trained personnel, and complex equipment. This paper describes a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) for detecting glucose concentration in tear range with the naked eye. The paper-based biosensor fabricated by laser CO2; and glucose oxidase/horseradish peroxidase (GOx/HRP) enzyme solution coupled with tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) were utilized as reagents. A sample volume of 10 μl was needed for the biosensor operation and the results were observable within 5 min. The color intensity–based and distance-based results were analyzed by ImageJ and Tracker to evaluate the device performance. Distance-based results showed a linear behavior in 0.1–1.2 mM with an R2 = 0.9962 and limit of detection (LOD) of 0.1 mM. The results could be perceived by the naked eye without needing additional equipment or trained personnel in a relatively short time (3–5 min).

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Acknowledgements

The team acknowledges the generous funding provided by the University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.

Funding

The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work was supported by the University of Isfahan.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

    Samira Allameh & Mohsen Rabbani

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  1. Samira Allameh
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  2. Mohsen Rabbani
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Samira Allameh was an MSc. student in biomedical engineering and she did this study as a master thesis under the supervision of Dr. Mohsen Rabbani. Samira wrote the manuscript and Mohsen modified and prepared it for publication.

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Correspondence to Mohsen Rabbani.

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Allameh, S., Rabbani, M. A Distance-Based Microfluidic Paper-Based Biosensor for Glucose Measurements in Tear Range. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 194, 2077–2092 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-022-03817-8

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