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Kinetic Study of Levulinic Acid from Spirulina platensis Residue

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Abstract

Microalgae have the potential to emerge as renewable feedstocks to replace fossil resources in producing biofuels and chemicals. Levulinic acid is one of the most promising substances which may serve as chemical building blocks. This work investigated the use of Spirulina platensis residue (solid residue after lipids extraction) to produce LA via acid hydrolysis reaction. In this study, Spirulina platensis residue was set to have a solid–liquid ratio of 5% (w/v). The effect of process parameters on the Spirulina platensis residue to levulinic acid hydrolysis reaction was observed at temperatures ranging from 140 to 180 °C under four acid concentrations, i.e., 0.25, 0.5, 0.8, and 1 M. A simplified kinetic model was also developed to describe the behavior of Spirulina platensis residue conversion to levulinic acid, based on the pseudo-homogeneous–irreversible–1st order reaction. The results showed that the proposed model could capture the experimental data well. The reaction network also considered involvement of intermediate products namely glucose and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. The results showed that Spirulina platensis residue, with acid catalysts, can be used to produce levulinic acid, and the kinetic model can provide useful information for understanding the Spirulina platensis residue to levulinic acid hydrolysis reaction.

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Data Availability

All data and materials generated are included in this published article and are available upon reasonable request.

Code Availability

Glu: Glucose.

5-HMF: 5-hydrovymethylfurfural.

LA: Levulinic acid.

Ri: Reaction rate of i [mol/L/min].

ki: Coefficient of reaction kinetic of i [1/min].

Ci: Concentration of I [mol/L].

Ai: Arrhenius constant of i.

Ei: Activation energy of I [kJ/mol].

R: Ideal gas constant [J/K/mol].

T: Temperature [K].

SSE: Sum of squared error.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Ministry of Research and Technology/National Research and Innovation Agency (RISTEK-BRIN), Republic of Indonesia, for the research funding.

Funding

Kementerian Riset,Teknologi dan Pendidikan Tinggi

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jalan Grafika 2, Kampus UGM, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

    Retno Ringgani, Muhammad Mufti Azis,  Rochmadi & Arief Budiman

  2. Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Industrial Engineering, UPN Veteran Yogyakarta, Jalan SWK 104 (Lingkar Utara), Condongcatur, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

    Retno Ringgani

  3. Center of Excellence for Microalgae Biorefinery, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sekip K1A, Kampus UGM, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

    Arief Budiman

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  1. Retno Ringgani
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  2. Muhammad Mufti Azis
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Contributions

Arief Budiman conceived the main idea of this experiment. Rochmadi designed the detailed experiment. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Retno Ringgani. The mathematical calculation and modelling were performed by Retno Ringgani and Muhammad Mufti Azis. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Retno Ringgani and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Arief Budiman.

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Ringgani, R., Azis, M.M., Rochmadi et al. Kinetic Study of Levulinic Acid from Spirulina platensis Residue. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 194, 2684–2699 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-022-03806-x

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