Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Waste Gastro-intestinal Wall of Sheep as an Alternative Nutrition Source for Cultivation of Dunaliella salina

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In the production of natural sausage casings, three layers of serosa, muscular, and mucosa are removed from gastro-intestinal wall of sheep as waste materials. The submocusa layer is taken for further processing. There is no report about generating added value out of these wastes. In this study, a novel approach was introduced for bioconversion of waste gastro-intestinal wall (WGW) to a value-added product. Alkaline hydrolysis of WGW was investigated and the hydrolysate was utilized for cultivation of Dunaliella salina, a value-added biomass. The hydrolysate that contained the highest total soluble protein was used for three sets of cultivations on different medium compositions, i.e., (1) cultivations on the modified Johnson’s medium enriched with different percentage of hydrolysate (0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, and 10 (%v/v)), (2) cultivations on modified Johnson’s medium which was free of nitrogen and carbon sources and enriched with different percentage of hydrolysate (0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, and 10 (%v/v), and (3) cultivation on modified Johnson’s medium which was free of nitrogen source and enriched with 2.5% hydrolysate. The results showed that WGW contained 60.7, 8.4, 15.8, and 15.2% protein, lipid, moisture, and ash, respectively and the enrichment of the medium with the hydrolysate (2.5%) increased biomass productivity by 20%. Additionally, substitution of 2.5% hydrolysate for nitrogen source (KNO3) resulted in the same biomass productivity. The results of this study revealed the potential of the hydrolysate as an alternative for KNO3 in cultivation of D. salina. Overall, this work proposed a novel approach for converting waste gastro-intestinal wall to value.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

Not applicable.

Code Availability

Not applicable.

References

  1. Lynch, S. A., Mullen, A. M., O’Neill, E., Drummond, L., & Álvarez, C. (2018). Opportunities and perspectives for utilisation of co-products in the meat industry. Meat Science, 144, 62–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Adhikari, B., Chae, M., & Bressler, D. (2018). Utilization of slaughterhouse waste in value-added applications: recent advances in the development of wood adhesives. Polymers, 10, 176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Bhaskar, N., Modi, V. K., Govindaraju, K., Radha, C., & Lalitha, R. G. (2007). Utilization of meat industry by products: Protein hydrolysate from sheep visceral mass .Bioresource Technology, 98, 388–394.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Lapeña, D., Vuoristo, K. S., Kosa, G., Horn, S. J., & Eijsink, V. G. H. (2018). Comparative assessment of enzymatic hydrolysis for valorization of different protein-rich industrial byproducts. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 66, 9738–9749.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Shirahigue, L. D., Ribeiro, I. S., Sucasas, L. F. D. A., Anbe, L., Vaz-Pires, P., & Oetterer, M. (2018). Peptones in silage from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Cobia (Rachycentron canadum) waste as a culture medium for bioprocesses.  Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology , 27, 712–721.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Greyling, N., Bordoloi, A., & Goosen, N. J. (2020). Optimising enzymatic conditions of monkfish (Lophius vomerinus) heads hydrolysis towards potential waste biomass valorisation. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-00650-z

  7. Kang, S.-W., Jeong, C., Seo, D.-C., Kim, S. Y., & Cho, J.-S. (2019). Liquid fertilizer production by alkaline hydrolysis of carcasses and the evaluation of developed fertilizer in hot pepper cultivation. Process Safety and Environment Protection, 122, 307–312.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Stiborova, H., Kronusova, O., Kastanek, P., Brazdova, L., Lovecka, P., Jiru, M., Belkova, B., Poustka, J., Stranska, M., Hajslova, J., & Demnerova, K. (2020).  Waste products from the poultry industry: a source of high-value dietary supplements. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 95, 985–992.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Wang, J.-Z., Yue, J.-Y., Zhang, C.-H., Jia, W., Li, X., & Sun, Z. (2016). Preparation of peptone from chicken bone residue by using natural pancreas as catalyst. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 91, 2852–2861.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Mekonnen, T. H., Mussone, P. G., Stashko, N., Choi, P. Y., & Bressler, D. C. (2013). Recovery and characterization of proteinacious material recovered from thermal and alkaline hydrolyzed specified risk materials. Process Biochemistry, 48, 885–892.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Shavandi, A., Bekhit, A.E.-D.A., Carne, A., & Bekhit, A. (2016). Evaluation of keratin extraction from wool by chemical methods for bio-polymer application. Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers, 32, 163–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Hosseini Tafreshi, A., & Shariati, M. (2009). Dunaliella biotechnology: methods and applications. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 107, 14–35.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Keerthi, S., Koduru, U. D., & Sarma, N. S. (2015). A nutrient medium for development of cell dense inoculum in mixotrophic mode to seed mass culture units of Dunaliella salina. Algological Studies, 147, 7–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Murphree, C. A., Dums, J. T., Jain, S. K., Zhao, C., Young, D. Y., Khoshnoodi, N., Tikunov, A., Macdonald, J., Pilot, G., & Sederoff, H. (2017). Amino acids are an ineffective fertilizer for Dunaliella spp. Growth. Frontiers in Plant Science.

  15. Flynn, K., & Butler, I. (1986). Nitrogen sources for the growth of marine microalgae: role of dissolved free amino acids. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 34, 281–304.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Latimer, G. W. (2016). Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. 20th ed. AOAC International, Gaithersburg.

  17. Shahidi, F. (2001). Extraction and measurement of total lipids. Current Protocols in Food Analytical Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1002/0471142913.fad0101s07

  18. Starcher, B. (2001). A ninhydrin-based assay to quantitate the total protein content of tissue samples. Analytical Biochemistry, 292, 125–129.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Igor, J., Krstović, S., Glamocic, D., Jakšić, S., & Abramović, B. (2013). Validation of an HPLC method for the determination of amino acids in feed. Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society, 78, 839–850.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Hadi, M. R., Shariati, M., & Afsharzadeh, S. (2008). Microalgal biotechnology: Carotenoid and glycerol production by the green algae Dunaliella isolated from the Gave-Khooni salt marsh, Iran. Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, 13, 540.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Schoen, S. (1988) Experimental phycology : a laboratory manual. In: Lobban, C. S., Chapman, D. J. and Kremer, B. P. (eds), pp. 16–22. Cambridge University Press

  22. Bradford, M. M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Chemistry, 72, 248–254.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Wegmann, K., & Metzner, H. (1971). Synchronization of Dunaliella cultures. Archives of Microbiology, 78, 360–367.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Sato, N., Quitain, A. T., Kang, K., Daimon, H., & Fujie, K. (2004). Reaction kinetics of amino acid decomposition in high-temperature and high-pressure water. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 43, 3217–3222.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Charioui, I., Chikhaoui, M., Banaoui, A., Abbassi, M., El Filali, F., & Kaaya, A. (2016). Growth and Carotenoid Production in Dunaliella spp. Isolated from Hypersaline Habitats in the Region of Essaouira (Morocco): Effect of NaNO3 Concentration. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 4, 649–657.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Sohrabi, D., Jazini, M., Tohidi, M., & Shariati, M. (2018). A novel chemical–biochemical process technology for full exploitation of chicken fat for animal nutrition. Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering, 13(6), e2253. https://doi.org/10.1002/apj.2253

  27. Nikookar, K., Rowhani, L., Mohsenzadeh, S., & Kholdebarin, B. (2013). Growth and pigment development of Dunaliella salina Teod. in response to ammonium nitrate nutrition. Molecular Cell Biology Research Communications, 2, 73–79.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Nguyen, S., Tran, D., Portilla, S., & Vo, T. (2014). Medium Improvement for Higher Growth and Longer Stationary Phase of Dunaliella. Journal of Plant Sciences, 2, 9–13.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Goldflus, F., Ceccantini, M., & Santos, W. (2006). Amino acid content of soybean samples collected in different brazilian states – Harvest2003/2004. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 8, 105–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

The financial support provided for this project was from Isfahan University of Technology.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran

    Dariush Sohrabi, Mohammadhadi Jazini, Saeideh Mobasheri & Mohammad Tohidi

  2. Department of Plant and Animal Biology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

    Mansour Shariati

Authors
  1. Dariush Sohrabi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mohammadhadi Jazini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Saeideh Mobasheri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Mohammad Tohidi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Mansour Shariati
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mohammadhadi Jazini.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sohrabi, D., Jazini, M., Mobasheri, S. et al. Waste Gastro-intestinal Wall of Sheep as an Alternative Nutrition Source for Cultivation of Dunaliella salina. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 194, 1178–1192 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-021-03704-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-021-03704-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation