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Preparation and Characterization of Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLC) and Nanoemulsion Containing Vitamin D3

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Abstract

Vitamin D is an essential vitamin for bone marrow development and immune function, which is mostly synthesized in the skin through sun exposure. The high global prevalence of vitamin D deficiency requires a feasible approach to administer vitamin D to a larger number of population in a shorter amount of time, and this may be achieved through food fortification. Food fortification using nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) and nanoemulsions appears to be an ideal method to enhance bioavailability, stability, and solubility of bioactive compounds. The aim of this study was to develop NLC and nanoemulsion forms of vitamin D to evaluate its efficacy for further enrichment of dairy products. NLC containing Precirol and nanoemulsion containing vegetable oils were prepared and characterized for polydispersity index, particle size, zeta potential, particle shape, crystal properties, stability, encapsulation efficiency, and releasing. Vitamin D3 NLC size was in the range of 123.4 to 210.6 nm and for nanoemulsion 137.6 to 171.6 nm, respectively. Optimal NLC and nanoemulsion carriers were selected for morphological assessment, encapsulation efficiency, thermal analysis, and release study. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed that particles had approximately spherical shape. In gastric simulated solution (pH = 1.2), NLC and nanoemulsion form of vitamin D3 released 9.3% and 26.9% of vitaminD3, respectively. This indicated that our formulation is able to protect vitamin D3 under acidic conditions. The results of this study revealed that NLC and nanoemulsion could be an optimal carrier for food fortification in order to improve bioavailability of bioactive compounds such as vitamin D.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge with grateful appreciation the assistance and financial support provided by the National Institute for Medical Research Development (NIMAD), Tehran, Iran, under award 957705, and Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS); Trial registration: IRCT20101130005280N27, www.IRCT.ir.

Funding

The study protocol was funded by the Ethics Committee of the National Institute for Medical Research Development (NIMAD) (957705), Tehran, Iran.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Zeinab Jafarifar, Payam Sharifan & Vajiheh Jahani

  2. Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Mitra Rezaie & Payam Sharifan

  3. Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran

    Sara Daneshmand

  4. Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Hamideh Ghazizadeh & Shiva Golmohammadzadeh

  5. International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Hamideh Ghazizadeh & Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan

  6. Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9PH, Sussex, UK

    Gordon. A. Ferns

  7. Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Shiva Golmohammadzadeh & Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan

  8. Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

    Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan

Authors
  1. Zeinab Jafarifar
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  2. Mitra Rezaie
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  3. Payam Sharifan
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  6. Hamideh Ghazizadeh
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  9. Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan
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Contributions

We declare that we contributed significantly towards the research study, i.e., (a) conception, design and/or analysis, and interpretation of data (Zeinab Jafarifar, Mitra Rezaei, Payam Sharifan, and Hamideh Ghazizadeh Vajiheh Jahani), (b) drafting the article (Zeinab Jafarifar and Sara Daneshman) or revising it critically for important intellectual content (Gordon. A Ferns and Shiva Golmohammadzadeh), and (c) final approval of the version (Majid Ghayour Mobarhan) to be published.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Shiva Golmohammadzadeh or Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan.

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Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate

Informed consent was obtained from all subjects using protocols approved by the Ethics Committee of the National Institute for Medical Research Development (NIMAD; protocol ID: IR.NIMAD.REC.1396.027).

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Zeinab Jafarifar and Mitra Rezaie equally contributed as co-first authors.

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Jafarifar, Z., Rezaie, M., Sharifan, P. et al. Preparation and Characterization of Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLC) and Nanoemulsion Containing Vitamin D3. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 194, 914–929 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-021-03656-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-021-03656-z

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