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Antibacterial and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Extracts and Major Constituents Derived from Stachytarpheta indica Linn. Leaves and Their Potential Implications for Wound Healing

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Abstract

Wounds of various types continue to have a severe socioeconomic impact on the cost of health care. Globally, there has been increased interest surrounding the identification of bioactive compounds that promote or modulate the wound healing process. Stachytarpheta indica Linn. is traditionally used to heal wounds and relieve inflammation; however, the theorised pharmacological properties have not yet been scientifically validated. In this study, dried and ground plant leaves were extracted with water and methanol, which were then subjected to various analyses. The antimicrobial activity of the plant extracts and isolated compounds was determined using well diffusion assays, while the minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined with a colorimetric assay. Morphological changes of human keratinocytes in response to plant extracts were observed with differential interference contrast microscope imaging. Cell viability, proliferation, and migratory effects post-treatment with the plant extracts were also evaluated via colorimetric cytotoxicity assays and a real-time cell analyser protocol. Anti-inflammatory effects of plant extracts and isolated compounds were evaluated by flow cytometry and cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzyme inhibition assays. Three active compounds, i.e. ipolamiide, verbascoside and iso-verbascoside, were isolated from S. indica leaves. Verbascoside demonstrated broad-range antibacterial activity and imposed strong inhibition at 9.77 μg/mL against Staphylococci spp. S. indica extracts (0.1–0.2 mg/mL) were shown to improve human keratinocyte proliferation up to 60% and induce morphological changes by producing cytoplasmic projections at concentrations higher than 0.4 mg/mL. Plant extracts (6.25–100 μg/mL) and individual compounds (3.125–50 μg/mL) elicited strong anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing the expression of interleukin-8 and inhibiting cyclooxygenase-1 and 5-lipoxygenase enzymes. Collectively, these results indicate that plant extracts and isolated compounds derived from S. indica have the potential to inhibit bacterial growth, promote tissue regeneration and reduce inflammation, hence, potentially providing the basis for a novel therapeutic for the treatment of wounds.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Innovative Medicines Group, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia

    Vajira Asela Agampodi, Peter Katavic, Christopher Collet & Trudi Collet

  2. School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia

    Christopher Collet

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  1. Vajira Asela Agampodi
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  2. Peter Katavic
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  3. Christopher Collet
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  4. Trudi Collet
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Contributions

VA and TC contributed to the study conception and design. VA conducted the experiments and the research work. PK analysed and interpreted NMR data. Analysis and interpretation of experimental data and preparation of manuscript were done by VA. TC and CC reviewed and edited the manuscript. All the authors read and approved the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Vajira Asela Agampodi.

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The management and use of the bio-specimens, Human immortalized keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT, Catalogue No.T0020001, Addexbio Technologies, USA) was accorded by the Human Research Ethics Committee, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia (approval number: 1700001128).

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Agampodi, V.A., Katavic, P., Collet, C. et al. Antibacterial and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Extracts and Major Constituents Derived from Stachytarpheta indica Linn. Leaves and Their Potential Implications for Wound Healing. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 194, 6213–6254 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-021-03635-4

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