Abstract
The changes in total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), H2O2, and antioxidant activity were assessed based on three model systems in three Achillea species (Achillea millefolium, A. nobilis, and A. filipendulina) growing under four irrigation regimes, including 100 % FC (field capacity as normal irrigation) 75 % FC (low stress), 50 % FC (moderate stress), and 25 % FC (severe stress) conditions. The highest TPC (47.13 mg tannic acid/g DW) and TFC (20.86 mg quercetin/g W) were obtained in A. filipendulina under moderate and severe stress conditions. In 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, the highest and the lowest antioxidant activity was obtained for A. millefolium (70.28 %) and A. filipendulina (53.21 %), respectively, while in the FTC model system A. nobilis revealed the highest antioxidant activity (1.934) in severe drought condition. In the linoleic model system, the highest antioxidant activity was observed under low drought stress condition in A. nobilis. MDA and H2O2 content were increased due to both low (75 % FC) and moderate (50 % FC) drought stress, but they were decreased under severe stress condition (25 % FC). Furthermore, A. millefolium revealed the lowest H2O2 (4.96 nm/g FW) and MDA content (176.32 μmol/g). Investigation of the relationship among different metabolites showed a strong positive correlation with TPC and TFC. Finally, the moderate drought stress treatment (50 % FC) was introduced as the optimum condition to obtain appreciable TPC and TFC,, while the highest antioxidant activity was obtained in severe stress condition (25%FC).
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Sökmen, M., Serkedjieva, J., Daferera, D., Gulluce, M., Polissiou, M., Tepe, B., Akpulat, A., Sahin, F., & Sökmen, A. (2004). In vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiviral activities of the essential oil and various extracts from herbal parts and callus cultures of Origanum acuities. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52, 3309–3311.
Ramakrishna, A., & Ravishankar, G. A. (2011). Influence of abiotic stress signals on secondary metabolites in plants. Plant Signaling & Behavior, 6, 1720–1731.
Selmar, D., & Kleinwächter, M. (2013). Influencing the product quality by deliberately applying drought stress during the cultivation of medicinal plants. Industrial Crop Production, 42, 558–566.
De Abreu, I. N., & Mazzafera, P. (2005). Effect of water and temperature stress on the content of active constituents of Hypericum brasiliense Choisy. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 43, 241–248.
Nogue’s, S., Allen, D. J., Morison, J. I. L., & Baker, N. R. (1998). Ultraviolet-B radiation effects on water relations, leaf development and photosynthesis in droughted pea plants. Plant Physiology, 117, 173–181.
Zahir, A., Abbasi, B. H., Adil, M., Anjum, S., Zia, M., & Ul-Haq, I. (2014). Synergistic effects of drought stress and photoperiods on phenology and secondary metabolism of Silybum marianum. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 174(2), 693–707.
Azooz, M. M., Ismail, A. M., & Abou-Elhamd, M. F. (2009). Growth, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities as a selection criterion for the salt tolerance of three maize cultivars grown under salinity stress. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 11, 21–26.
Cunhua, S., Wei, D., Xiangling, C., Xinna, X., Yahong, Z., Dong, S., & Jianjie, S. (2010). The effects of drought stress on the activity of acid phosphatase and its protective enzymes in pigweed leaves. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9, 825–833.
Isaak, C. K., Petkau, J. C., Karmin, O., Ominski, K., Rodriguez-Lecompte, J. C., & Siow, Y. L. (2013). Seasonal variations in phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of Cornus stolonifera plant material. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 93, 1–10.
Mirzaee, M., Moieni, A., & Ghanati, F. (2013). Effects of drought stress on the lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities in two canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars. Journal Agricultural Science Technology, 15, 593–602.
Chandra Rai, A., Singh, M., & Shah, K. (2012). Effect of water withdrawal on formation of free radical, proline accumulation and activities of antioxidant enzymes in ZAT12-transformed transgenic tomato plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 61, 108–114.
Asgarirad, H., Pourmorad, F., Hosseinimehr, S., Saeidnia, J., Ebrahimzadeh, S., & Lotfi, F. (2010). In vitro antioxidant analysis of Achillea tenuifolia. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(24), 3536–3541.
Trumbeckaite, S., Benetis, R., Bumblauskiene, L., Burdulis, D., Janulis, V., Toleikis, A., Viškelis, P., & Jakštas, V. (2011). Achillea millefoilum L. s.l. herb extract: antioxidant activity and effect on the rat heart mitochondrial functions. Food Chemistry, 15, 1540–1548.
Rahimmalek, M., Sayed Tabatabaei, B. E., Etemadi, N., Goli, S. A. H., Arzani, A., & Zeinali, H. (2009). Essential oil variation among and within six Achillea species transferred from different ecological regions in Iran to the field conditions. Industrial Crop Production, 29, 348–355.
Rechinger, K. H. (1963). Flora Iranica. Akademische Druke-U. Verlagsanstalt, Wien. Austria, 158, 49–71.
Fathi, H., LashtooAghaee, B., & Ebrahimzadeh, M. A. (2011). Antioxidant activity and phenolic contents of Achillea wilhemsii. Pharmacologyonline, 2, 942–949.
Giorgi, A., Bombelli, R., Luini, A., Speranza, G., Cosentino, M., Lecchini, S., Cocucci, M., & Jakštas, V. (2009). Antioxidant and cytoprotective properties of infusions from leaves and inflorescences of Achillea collina becker ex Rchb. Phytotherapy Research, 23, 540–545.
Candan, F., Unlu, M., Tepe, B., & Daferera, D. (2003). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil and methanol extracts of Achillea millefolium ssp. millefolium (Asteraceae). J. Ethnopharmacology, 87, 215–220.
Vitalini, S., Giangiacomo, B., Iriti, M., Orsenigo, S., Iorizzi, M., & Gelsomina, F. (2011). Phenolic compounds from Achillea millefolium L. and their bioactivity. Acta Biochimica Polonica, 58, 203–209.
Manayi, A., Mirnezami, T., Saeidnia, S., & Ajani, Y. (2012). Pharmacognostical evaluation, phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of roots of Achillea tenuifolia Lam. International Journal of Pharmacognosy, 4, 14–30.
Gharibi, S., Tabatabaei, B. E. S., Saeidi, G., Goli, S. A. H., & Talebi, M. (2013). Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of three Iranian endemic Achillea species. Industrial Crop Production, 50, 154–158.
Pinelo, M., Rubilar, M., Sineiro, J., & Núñez, M. J. (2004). Extraction of antioxidant phenolics from almond hulls (Prunus amygdalus) and pine sawdust (Pinus pinaster). Food Chemistry, 85, 267–273.
Braca, A., Sortino, C., Politi, M., Morelli, I., & Mendez, J. (2002). Antioxidant activity of flavonoids from Licania licaniaeflora. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 79, 379–381.
Gursoy, N., Sarikurkcu, C., Cengiz, M., & Solak, M. H. (2009). Antioxidant activities, metal contents, total phenolics and flavonoids of seven Morchella species. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 47, 2381–2388.
Kulisic, T., Radonic, A., Katalinic, V., & Milos, M. (2004). Use of different method for testing antioxidative activity of oregano essential oil. Food Chemistry, 85, 633–640.
Ardestani, A., & Yazdanparast, R. (2007). Antioxidant and free radical scavenging potential of Achillea santolina extracts. Food Chemistry, 104, 21–29.
Hossain, M. A., Muhammad, M. D., Charles, G., & Muhammad, I. (2011). In vitro total phenolics, flavonoids contents and antioxidant activity of essential oil, various organic extracts from the leaves of tropical medicinal plant Tetrastigma from Sabah. Asian Pacific Jounal Trop Medical, 4(9), 717–721.
Zhao, F., Guo, S., Zhang, H., & Zhao, Y. (2006). Expression of yeast SOD2 in transgenic rice results in increased salt tolerance. Plant Science, 170, 216–224.
Bates, L. S., Waldern, R. P., & Teare, I. D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil, 39(1), 205–207.
Yordanov, I., Velikova, V., & Tsonev, T. (2000). Plant responses to drought, acclimation, and stress tolerance. Photosynthetica, 38, 171–186.
Reddy, A. R., Chaitanya, K. V., & Vivekanandan, M. (2004). Drought-induced responses of photosynthesis and antioxidant metabolism in higher plants. Journal of Plant Physiology, 161, 1189–1202.
Cao, G., Sofic, E., & Prior, R. L. (1996). Antioxidant capacity of tea and common vegetables. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 44, 3426–3431.
Zheng, W., & Wang, S. Y. (2001). Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in selected herbs. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49(11), 5165–5170.
Espinozaa, A., Martína, A. S., López-Climentb, M., Ruiz-Laraa, S., Gómez-Cadenasb, A., & Casarettoa, J. (2013). Engineered drought-induced biosynthesis of α-tocopherol alleviates stress-induced leaf damage in tobacco. Journal of Plant Physiology, 170, 1285–1294.
Lin, K. H., Chao, P. Y., Yang, C. M., Cheng, W. C., Lo, H. F., & Chang, T. R. (2006). The effects of flooding and drought stresses on the antioxidant constituents in sweet potato leaves. Botanical Studies, 47, 417–426.
Van Li, L., & Staden, J. (1998). Effects of plant growth regulators on the antioxidant system in callus of two maize cultivars subjected to water stress. Plant Growth Regulation, 24, 55–66.
Sairam, R. K., Deshmukh, P. S., & Saxena, D. C. (1998). Role of antioxidant systems in wheat genotypes tolerance to water stress. Biology Plantrum, 41, 387–394.
Herbinger, K., Tausz, M., Wonisch, A., Soja, G., Sorger, A., & Grill, D. (2002). Complex interactive effects of drought and ozone stress on the antioxidant defense systems of two wheat cultivars. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 40, 691–696.
Jaafar, H. Z. E., Ibrahim, M. H., & Karimi, E. (2012). Phenolics and flavonoids compounds, phenylanine ammonia lyase and antioxidant activity responses to elevated CO2 in Labisia pumila (Myrisinaceae). Molecules, 17, 6331–6347.
Cvikrová, M., Gemperlová, L., Martincová, O., & Vaňková, R. (2013). Effect of drought and combined drought and heat stress on polyamine metabolism in proline-over-producing tobacco plants. Plant Physiologie Biochemical, 73, 7–15.
Hernandez, I., Leonor, A., & Sergi, M. (2004). Drought-induced changes in flavonoids and other low molecular weight antioxidants in Cistus clusii grown under Mediterranean field conditions. Tree Physiology, 24, 1303–1311.
Ghasemzadeh, A., Jaafar, H. Z., & Rahmat, A. (2010). Elevated carbon dioxide increases contents of flavonoids and phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activities in Malaysian young ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe.) varieties. Molecules, 15, 7907–7922.
Janas, K. M., Cvikrova, M., Pałagiewicz, A., Szafranska, K., & Posmyk, M. M. (2002). Constitutive elevated accumulation of phenylpropanoids in soybean roots at low temperature. Plant Science, 163, 369–373.
Wrobel, M., Karmac, M., Amarowicz, R., Fraczek, E., & Weidner, S. (2005). Metabolism of phenolic compounds in Vitis riparia seeds during stratification and during germination under optimal and low temperature stress conditions. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 27(3A), 313–320.
Krol, A., Amarowicz, R., & Weidner, S. (2014). Changes in the composition of phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties of grapevine roots and leaves (Vitis vinifera L.) under continuous of long-term drought stress. Acta Physiology Plant, 36, 1491–1499.
Winkel-Shirley, B. (2002). Biosynthesis of flavonoids and effects of stress. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 5(3), 218–223.
Ibrahim, M. H., & Jaafar, H. Z. E. (2011). Photosynthetic capacity, photochemical efficiency and chlorophyll content of three varieties of Labisia pumila Benth exposed to open field and greenhouse growing conditions. Acta Physiology Plantarum, 33, 2179–2185.
Herrmann, K. M., & Weaver, L. M. (1999). The shikimate pathway. Annual Review Plant Physiology Plant Molecular Biology, 50, 473–503.
Penuelas, J., & Estiarte, M. (1998). Can elevated CO2 affect secondary metabolism and ecosystem function? Trees, 13, 20–24.
Zainol, M. K., Abd-Hamid, A., Yusof, S., & Muse, R. (2003). Antioxidative activity and total phenolic compounds of leaf, root and petiole of four accessions of Centella asiatica (L.) Urban. Food Chemistry, 81, 575–581.
Dykes, L., & Rooney, L. W. (2007). Phenolic compounds in cereal grains and their health benefits. CerealFood World, 52, 105–111.
Kumar, V., Rani, A., Dixit, A., Bhatnagar, D., & Chauhan, G. S. (2009). Relative changes in tocopherols, isoflavones and antioxidative properties of soybean during different reproductive stages. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57, 2705–2710.
Ali, Q., Ashraf, M., & Anwar, F. (2010). Seed composition and seed oil antioxidant activity of maize under water stress. Journal of American Oil Chemistry Society, 87, 1179–1187.
Heim, K. E., Tagliaferro, A. R., & Bobilya, D. J. (2002). Flavonoids antioxidants: chemistry, metabolism and structure-activity relationships. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 13, 572–584.
Weidner, S., Amarowicz, R., Karamac, M., & Fraczek, E. (2000). Changes in endogenous phenolic acids during development of Secale cereale caryopses and after treatment of unripe rye grains. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 38, 595–602.
Bettaieb, I., Sellami, I. H., Bourgou, S., Limam, F., & Marzouk, B. (2011). Drought effects on polyphenol composition and antioxidant activities in aerial parts of Salvia officinalis L. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 33, 1103–1111.
Fischer, S., Wilckens, R., Jara, J., & Aranda, M. (2013). Controlled water stress to improve functional and nutritional quality in quinoa seed. Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromaticas, 12(5), 457–468.
Falk, J., & Munné-Bosch, S. (2010). Tocochromanol functions in plants: antioxidation and beyond. Journal of Experimental Botany, 61, 1549–1566.
Slesak, I., Libik, M., Karpinska, B., Karpinski, S., & Miszalski, Z. (2007). The role of hydrogen peroxide in regulation of plant metabolism and cellular signaling in response to environmental stresses. Acta Biochimica Polonica, 54, 39–50.
Acknowledgments
We thank Isfahan University of Technology for funding the research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gharibi, S., Tabatabaei, B.E.S., Saeidi, G. et al. Effect of Drought Stress on Total Phenolic, Lipid Peroxidation, and Antioxidant Activity of Achillea Species. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 178, 796–809 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-015-1909-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-015-1909-3