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Pretreatment Methods for Bioethanol Production

Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology volume 174, pages 43–62 (2014)Cite this article

Abstract

Lignocellulosic biomass, such as wood, grass, agricultural, and forest residues, are potential resources for the production of bioethanol. The current biochemical process of converting biomass to bioethanol typically consists of three main steps: pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation. For this process, pretreatment is probably the most crucial step since it has a large impact on the efficiency of the overall bioconversion. The aim of pretreatment is to disrupt recalcitrant structures of cellulosic biomass to make cellulose more accessible to the enzymes that convert carbohydrate polymers into fermentable sugars. This paper reviews several leading acidic, neutral, and alkaline pretreatments technologies. Different pretreatment methods, including dilute acid pretreatment (DAP), steam explosion pretreatment (SEP), organosolv, liquid hot water (LHW), ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX), soaking in aqueous ammonia (SAA), sodium hydroxide/lime pretreatments, and ozonolysis are intensively introduced and discussed. In this minireview, the key points are focused on the structural changes primarily in cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin during the above leading pretreatment technologies.

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Fig. 1

Abbreviations

AFEX:

Ammonia fiber expansion

CrI:

Crystallinity index

CS:

Combined severity

DAP:

Dilute acid pretreatment

DP:

Degree of polymerization

HW:

Hardwood

HMF:

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural

LCC:

Lignin-carbohydrate complex

LHW:

Liquid hot water

LODP:

Leveling-off degree of polymerization

NMR:

Nuclear magnetic resonance

SAA:

Soaking in aqueous ammonia

SEP:

Steam explosion pretreatment

SW:

Softwood

XRD:

X-ray diffraction

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31300483), Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China (Grant No. BK20130971), and the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD).

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Affiliations

  1. College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Jiangsu, 210037, People’s Republic of China

    Zhaoyang Xu

  2. School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Paper Science and Technology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA

    Fang Huang

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  1. Zhaoyang Xu
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  2. Fang Huang
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Correspondence to Zhaoyang Xu or Fang Huang.

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Xu, Z., Huang, F. Pretreatment Methods for Bioethanol Production. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 174, 43–62 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-014-1015-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-014-1015-y

Keywords

  • Pretreatment
  • Cellulose
  • Hemicellulose
  • Lignin