Abstract
Networked Virtual Environments (NVEs) are virtual environments that are distributed across two or more physical locations and connected over a network, thereby forming one virtual shared workspace. In the past decade, research in the field of networked virtual environments has become active, quickly growing out of infancy into a diversity of applications. As is common in any new field, this growing assortment of applications lacks an overall classification, making the design of NVEs cumbersome and the comparison of existing environments difficult at best. The goal of this paper is to provide a means of classification through the development of a taxonomy of NVEs. First, an extensive literature review is conducted investigating the characteristics of virtual environments in general, as well as issues specific to networked virtual environments. This search leads to the development of a taxonomy for describing NVEs, which is used to compare current NVE systems and applications and find weak areas in which future work might be most beneficial. Finally, the taxonomy is used for the development of networked virtual environments for collaborative mechanical engineering design.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Sastry, L., Boyd, D.: Interactions in virtual environments. Eur Res Consortium Inform Math 41(April) (2000)
Coomans, M., Timmermans, H.: Towards a taxonomy of virtual reality user interfaces. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Visualization (IV97), London, UK, August 1997
Smith, P., Marsh, S., Wright, T., Duke, D.: A shared framework of virtual reality. In: 5th UK-VRSIG, Exeter, UK (1998)
de Candolle, A.: Theorie Elementaire de la Botanique. Paris, (1813)
Jeffrey, C.: An Introduction to Plant Taxonomy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1982)
Derr, R.: A taxonomy of social purposes of public schools (1973)
Gershenson, J., Stauffer, L.: Taxonomy for design requirements from corporate customers. Res. Eng. Des. 11, 103–105 (1999)
Slaughterbeck-Hyde, R.: A measure of design quality. Master’s thesis, University of Idaho (1989)
Dunn, G., Everitt, B.: An Introduction to Mathematical Taxonomy. Cambridge University Press, New York (1982)
Saar, K.: Virtus. In: Symposium on the Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML ’99). Paderbourn, Germany (1999)
Dixon, J., Duffey, M., Irani, R., Meunier, K., Orelup, M.: A proposed taxonomy of mechanical design problems. In: ASME Computers in Engineering Conference (CIE’88), San Fransisco, CA. ASME (1988)
Huang, M., Alessi, N.: Current limitations into the application of virtual reality to mental health research. Virt. Environ. Clin. Psychol. Neurosci. (1998)
Bowman, D., Gracey, M., Lucas, J.: Efficient, intuitive user interfaces for classroom-based immersive virtual environments. In: IEEE Virtual Reality 2004, Chicago, IL, 27–31 March 2004, pp. 219–220
Pike, K.: Commercial virtual reality applications enter military. National DEFENSE, Febuary 1996
Summers, J., Butler, A., Kuo, E.: Development of a feature based design system using virtual reality. In: ASME DETC-1999, Las Vegas, NV. DETC99/CIE-9034 (1999)
Singhal, S., Zyda, M.: Networked virtual environments: design and implementation (1999)
Frecon, E., Noeu, A.: Building distributed virtual environments to support collaborative work. In: ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology (VRST’98), Taipei, Taiwan (1998)
Capin, T., Magnenat-Thalmann, N., Thalmann, D., Pandzic, I.: Toward natural communication in networked collaborative virtual environments. Framework for Immersive Working Environments International (1996)
Ford-Morie, J.: Cgi taxonomy project (2001). http://www.siggraph.org/education/curriculum/projects/Taxonomy2001.ht
Pierra, G.: Towards a taxonomy for interactive graphics systems. In: Palanque, P., Bastide, R.(eds) Proceedings of Design, Specification, Validation of Interactive Systems. Springer Computer Science Series, pp. 362–370. Springer, Heidelberg (1995)
Bakker, A., Kuz, I., Van Steen, M.: Towards a taxonomy of distributed-object models. In: Proceedings of the Third Annual ASCI Conference, Heijen, The Netherlands, June 1997, pp. 22–27
Macedonia, M., Zyda, M.: A taxonomy for networked virtual environments. IEEE Multimedia 4(1), 48–56 (1997)
Greenbaum, P.: The lawnmower man. Film and Video 9(3), 58–62 (1992)
Roberts, D., Warwick, K.: An overview of virtual reality. In: Warwick, K., Gray, J., Roberts, D. (eds.) Virtual Reality in Engineering, pp. 1–24 (1993)
Furness, T., Barfield, W.: Introduction to virtual environments and advanced interface design. Virt. Environ. Adv. Interf. Des. (1995)
Barfield, W., Zeltzer, D., Sheridan, T., Slater, M. (1995) Presence and performance within virtual environments. Virt. Environ. Adv. Interf. Des., pp. 473–513 (1995)
Steuer J.: Defining virtual reality: dimensions determining telepresence. J. Commun. 42(4), 72–93 (1992)
Bryson, S.: Approaches to the successful design of virtual environments. Virt. Real. Appl., pp. 3–15 (1995)
Slater, M., Usoh, M., Steed, A.: Depth of presence in virtual environments. Presence: Teleoper. Virt. Environ. 3(2), 130–144 (1994)
Kim, G., Seo, J.: Design for presence: a structured approach to virtual reality system design. Presence: Teleoper. Virt. Environ. 11(4), 378–403 (2002)
Heeter C.: The subjective experience of presence. Presence: Teleoper. Virt. Environ, 1(2), 262–271 (1992)
Slater, M., Usoh, M.: Presence in immersive virtual environments. In: IEEE Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium (VRAIS’93) (1993)
Slater, M., Usoh, M.: Representation systems, perceptual positions, and presence in immersive virtual environments. Presence: Teleoper. Virt. Environ. 2, 221–233 (1993)
Lombard, M., Ditton, T.: At the heart of it all: the concept of presence. J. Comput. Mediat. Commun. 3(2) (1997)
Kalawsky, R.: The Science of Virtual Reality and Virtual Environments. Wokingham, England
Zeltzer, D.: Autonomy, interaction, and presence. Presence: Teleoper. Virt. Environ. 1(1), 127–132 (1992)
Ohya, J., Kitamura, Y., Takemura, H., Kishino, F., Terashima, N. (1993) Real time reproduction of 3d human images in virtual space teleconferencing. Teleconferencing, VR 408–414
Kindratenko, V., Kirsch, B.: Sharing virtual environments over a transatlantic atm network in support of distant collaboration in vehicle design. In: Virtual Environments Conference, Eurographics Workshop Proceedings Series (1998)
Daily, M., Howard, M. et al.: Distributed design review in virtual environments. In: Collaborative Virtual Environments (CVE’00), San Francisco, CA. ACM, New York (2000)
Leigh, J., Johnson, A.E., Vasilakis, C.A., DeFanti, T.A.: Multi-perspective collaborative design in persistent networked virtual environments. In: IEEE Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium (VRAIS’96) (1996)
Frecon E. Stenius M.: Dive: a scalable network architecture for distributed virtual environments. Distributed Syst. Eng. J. 5(3), 91–100 (1998)
Imai, T., Johnson, A.E., Leigh, J., Pape, D., DeFanti, T.: Supporting transoceanic collaborations in virtual environment. In: 5th Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications and 4th Optoelectronics Communications Conference (APCC/OECC), Beijing, China, pp. 1059–1062 (1999)
Yoon, W., Tsumaki, Y., Uchiyama, M.: An experimental system for dual-arm robot teleoperation in space with concepts of virtual grip and ball. In: International Conference on Advanced Robotics (ICAR’99), Tokyo, Japan
Sonnenwald, R., Bergquist, D., et al.: Designing to support collaborative scientific research across distances: the nanomanipulator environment. In: Munro, A., Churchill, E., Snowdon, D. (eds.) Collaborative Virtual Environments: Digital Places and Spaces for Interaction, pp. 202–224. Springer, London (2001)
Leigh, J., Johnson, A.E., Brown, M., Sandin, D.J., DeFanti, T.A.: Visualization in teleimmersive environments. IEEE Comput. 32, 66–73 (1999)
Park, K., Cho, Y., et al.: Cavernsoft g2: A toolkit for high performance tele-immersive collaboration. In: ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology (VRST’00), Soeul, Korea (2000)
Calvin, J., Dickens, A., et al.: The simnet virtual world architecture. In: IEEE Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium (VRAIS’93). IEEE Press, Seattle (1993)
Macedonia, M.: Mbone provides audio and video across the internet. IEEE Comput. 27, 30–36 (1994)
Snowdon, D., West, A.: Aviary: Design issues for future large scale virtual environments. Presence: Teleoper. Virt. Environ. 3(4), 288–308 (1994)
Miller, D., Thorpe, J.: Simnet: The advent of simulator networking. IEEE (1995)
Schwartz, P., Bricker, L., et al.: Virtual playground: Architectures for a shared virtual world. In: ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology (VRST’98), Taipei, Taiwan (1998)
Watson, K., Zyda, M.: Bamboo: A portable system for dynamically extensible, real-time, networked virtual environments. In: IEEE Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium (VRAIS’98), Atlanta, GA (1998)
Brand, S.: The medialab: inventing the future at mit, viking penguin (1987)
Reynard, G., Benford, S.: Vivid: A symbiosis between virtual reality and video conferencing. In: UKERNA Video Conferencing Workshop, Nottingham University (1996)
Kuijpers, N., Jense, H.: Collaborative engineering in distributed virtual environments. In: Spring Simulation Interoperability Workshop, Orlando, FL (1997)
Broll, W.: Interacting in distributed collaborative virtual environments. In: IEEE Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium (VRAIS’95), Research Triangle Park, NC. IEEE Computer Society Press (1995)
Grigore, B.: Force and touch feedback for virtual reality. John Wiley and Sons, (1996)
Arai, F., Tanimoto, M., and al.: Distributed virtual environment for intravascular tele-surgery using multimedia communication. IEEE Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium (VRAIS’96) (1996)
Leigh, J., Johnson, A., DeFant, T., Bailey, S., Grossman, R.: A methodology for supporting collaborative exploratory analysis of massive data sets in tele-immersive environments. In: High Performance Distributed Computing. IEEE Press, Redundo Beach (1999)
Vaghi, I., Greenhalgh, C., et al.: Coping with inconsistency due to network delays in collaborative virtual environments. In: Virtual Reality Science and Technology. London, UK (1999)
Lamport, L.: How to make a multiprocessor computer that correctly executes multiprocessor programs. IEEE Trans. Comput. C-28(9), 690–691 (1979)
Goodman, J.: Cache consistency and sequential consistency. SCI Committee (1989)
Dubois, M., Wang, J., et al.: Delayed consistency and its effects on the miss rate of parallel programs. In: IEEE Supercomputing Conference (SC’91) (1991)
Gharachorloo, K., Lenoski, D., et al.: Memory consistency and event ordering in scalable shared-memory multiprocessors. In: International Symposium of Computer Architectures (ISCA’90) (1990)
Greenberg, S., Marwood, D.: Real-time groupware as a distributed system: Concurrency control and its effect on the interface. In: ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW’94) (1994)
Carlsson, C., Hagsand, O.: Dive-a platform for multi-user virtual environments. Comput. Graph. 17, 663–669 (1993)
Birman, K., Schiper, A., Stephenson, P.: Lightweight causal and atomic group multicast. ACM Trans. Comput. Syst. 9(3), 272–314 (1991)
Robinson, M., Pekkola, S., et al.: Extending the limits of collaborative virtual environments. Collaborative Virtual Environments: Digital Places and Spaces for Interaction, pp. 21–42 (2001)
Baladi, M.: A taxonomy for the design and evaluation of networked virtual environments. Master’s thesis, Mechanical Engineering Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC (2003)
Just, C., Bierbaum, A., Baker, A., Cruz-Neira, C.: Vr juggler: A framework for virtual reality development. In: 2nd Immersive Projection Technology Workshop (IPT’98), Ames, IA (1998)
Hagsand O.: Interactive multi-user ves in the dive system. IEEE Multimedia 3, 30–39 (1996)
Norman V., Babski C., et al.: The coven project: Exploring applicative, technical, and usage dimensions of collaborative virtual environments. Presence: Teleoper. Virt. Environ. 8(2), 218–236 (1999)
Hesina, G., Schmalstieg, D., Reitmayr, G.: Distributed open inventor: a practical approach to distributed 3d graphics. In: ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology (VRST’99), University College, London (1999)
Strauss, P., Carey, R.: An object-oriented 3d graphics toolkit. In: Proceedings of SIGGRAPH Conference on Computer Graphics (1992)
Bierbaum, A.: Vr juggler: A virtual platform for virtual reality application development. In: Computer Engineering. AMES, Iowa State University (2000)
Bierbaum, A., Just, C.: Software tools for application development. In: ACM SIGGRAPH, Orlando, FL, pp. 3.1–3.45 (1998)
Johnson, A., Roussos, M., Leigh, J., Barnes, C., Vasilakis, C., Moher, T.: The nice project: learning together in a virtual world. In: IEEE Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium (VRAIS’98), Atlanta, GA. IEEE Press, Seattle (1998)
Roussos, M., Johnson, A., Moher, T., Leigh, M., Vasilakis, C., Barnes, C.: Learning and building together in an immersive world. Presence: Teleoper. Virt. Environ. 8(3), 247–263 (1999)
Klar, T.: An interactive virtual environment for 3d model and assembly with video immersion. Master’s thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC (2001)
Van Pernis, A.: Surface construction from within a virtual environment. Master’s thesis, Department of Computer Science, Clemson University, Clemson, SC (1998)
Bidarra, R., van den Berg, E., Broonswort, W.F.: Collaborative modeling with features. In: ASME Design Engineering Technical Conferences (DETC’01), Pittsburg, PA. ASME (2001)
Vitali, H.: Framework for building a hardware and operating system independent collaborative virtual environment for design review. Master’s thesis, Mechanical Engineering Department, Clemson University, Clemson, SC (2005)
DuPont, P.: Applied Virtual Reality. In: Warick, K., Gray, J., Roberts, D. (eds.) Virtual Reality in Engineering. The Institution of Electrical Engineers, Exeter, pp. 153–168 (1993)
Bershad, B., Zekauskas, M., Sawdon, W.: The Midway Distributed Shared System, IEEE International Computer Conference (COMPON ‘93) (1993)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Baladi, M., Vitali, H., Fadel, G. et al. A taxonomy for the design and evaluation of Networked Virtual Environments: its application to collaborative design. Int J Interact Des Manuf 2, 17–32 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12008-007-0032-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12008-007-0032-2