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Formulation and testing of a slow-release antimicrobial paint: a case study of antifungi and antialgae activity for interior and exterior applications

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Abstract

The colonization of microorganisms on painted surfaces varies according to paint formulation, support substrate, and environmental conditions. Developing antimicrobial coatings to prevent growth of microorganisms can prevent adverse health and environmental consequences. Release of antimicrobial agents from the coating surface over time presents toxicity and diminishing antimicrobial protection challenges. Herein, we have formulated and performed 272 tests (including the control experiments, and not including the replication assays) on water-based paint formulations against different species, including Aureobasidium pullulans and Chlorella vulgaris, among others, before and after accelerated weathering tests. Based on the zone of inhibition values (Z value) from fungi and algae resistance tests, 97% of the formulations were effective against fungi species prior to accelerated weathering, while approximately one-third were effective against algae species. Formulations with lower Z values (X2-678, X3-P20T, R1-663, and X2-663) indicated slow release of the biocide via diffusion-controlled behavior is effective in performance optimization and minimizing environmental impacts. For antialgae applications, R1-663 and X2-663 with average Z value variations of 3.3 and 2.0 mm, respectively, ensure full protection. Weathering testing demonstrated 3 of 10 samples failed by cracking and delamination. The main objective of this work is to evaluate, compare, and enhance antimicrobial paint formulations considering the advantages of slow-release and controlled-release approaches. Among samples that passed weathering tests, X1-663, X1-P20T, X3-663, and X3-P20T had the most consistent antifungi activity, while X1-663 and X3-663 showed the best antialgae activity. The difference in antifungi and antialgae activity was mainly attributed to differences in release mechanism based on biocides’ solubility in water, size, and diffusion through the coating layer.

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Acknowledgments

The funding for this work was provided by the Mitacs Accelerate Program in collaboration with TriMiS Inc, along with the Department of Chemical Engineering at McMaster University. We are especially grateful to Troy Corporation (Florham Park, NJ) for their contribution in conducting the resistance tests. We acknowledge Oligomaster Inc. and Dr. Mehdi Sanjari from TriMiS Inc. for providing their helpful inputs.

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  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, Canada

    Amir S. Kazemi, Roozbeh Mafi & Drew C. Higgins

  2. Research & Product Development Department, TriMiS Inc., 4145 North Service Road, Suite 200, Burlington, ON, L7L 6A3, Canada

    Amir S. Kazemi & Roozbeh Mafi

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Kazemi, A.S., Mafi, R. & Higgins, D.C. Formulation and testing of a slow-release antimicrobial paint: a case study of antifungi and antialgae activity for interior and exterior applications. J Coat Technol Res 20, 573–585 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-022-00691-1

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