Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Synthesis and properties of SrSn(OH)6 nanorods and their flame retardancy and smoke suppression effects on epoxy resin

  • Published:
Journal of Coatings Technology and Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A nanorod-structured strontium hydroxystannate [SrSn(OH)6] flame retardant was synthesized via a facile coprecipitation method and employed in epoxy resin (EP). Based on X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, the as-synthesized SrSn(OH)6 nanorods exhibited high crystallinity and uniform size distribution. The flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties of EP/SrSn(OH)6 composites were investigated by limiting oxygen index and cone calorimetry tests. The results showed that incorporation of SrSn(OH)6 led to a dramatic reduction of the fire hazards of EP, including a 21.9% maximum decrease in the peak heat release rate, a 33.3% reduction in the toxic CO yield, and a 133.3% increase in the char residue. In particular, this is the first attempt to evaluate the flame retardancy properties of SrSn(OH)6 nanorods in EP. The improved flame retardancy properties of the SrSn(OH)6 nanorods is attributed to their catalytic carbonization effect.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.

References

  1. Shao, ZB, Zhang, MX, Li, Y, Han, Y, Ren, L, Deng, C, “A Novel Multi-functional Polymeric Curing Agent: Synthesis, Characterization, and Its Epoxy Resin with Simultaneous Excellent Flame Retardance and Transparency.” Chem. Eng. J., 345 471–482 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Wang, P, Xia, L, Jian, RK, Ai, YF, Zheng, XL, Chen, GL, Wang, JS, “Flame-Retarding Epoxy Resin with an Efficient P/N/S-Containing Flame Retardant: Preparation, Thermal Stability, and Flame Retardance.” Polym. Degrad. Stab., 149 69–77 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Cai, W, Guo, WW, Pan, Y, Wang, JL, Mu, XW, Feng, XM, Yuan, BH, Wang, BB, Hu, Y, “Polydopamine-Bridged Synthesis of Ternary h-BN@PDA@SnO2 as Nanoenhancers for Flame Retardant and Smoke Suppression of Epoxy Composites.” Compos. Part A Appl. Sci., 111 94–105 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Waaijers, SL, Kong, D, Hendriks, HS, de Wit, CA, Cousins, IT, Westerink, RH, Leonards, PE, Kraak, MH, Admiraal, W, de Voogt, P, Parsons, JR, “Persistence, Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity of Halogen-Free Flame Retardants.” Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 222 1–71 (2013)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Deng, P, Shi, Y, Liu, YS, Liu, Y, Wang, Q, “Solidifying Process and Flame Retardancy of Epoxy Resin Cured with Boron-Containing Phenolic Resin.” Appl. Surf. Sci., 427 894–904 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Chen, MJ, Lin, YC, Wang, XN, Zhong, L, Li, QL, Liu, ZG, “Influence of Cuprous Oxide on Enhancing the Flame Retardancy and Smoke Suppression of Epoxy Resins Containing Microencapsulated Ammonium Polyphosphate.” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 54 (51) 12705–12713 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Shi, YQ, Fu, T, Xu, YJ, Li, DF, Wang, XL, Wang, YZ, “Novel Phosphorus-Containing Halogen-Free Ionic Liquid toward Fire Safety Epoxy Resin with Well-Balanced Comprehensive Performance.” Chem. Eng. J., 354 208–219 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Jia, Z, Tang, Y, Luo, L, Li, B, Chen, Z, Wang, J, Zheng, H, “Room Temperature Fabrication of Single Crystal Nanotubes of CaSn(OH)6 through Sonochemical Precipitation.” J. Colloid Interface Sci., 334 (2) 202–207 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Liu, JJ, Wang, W, Yuen, RKK, Gui, Z, Hu, Y, “1/2D SnO2 Nanowires on MnO2 Nanosheets Hybrid Architecture for Reducing Fire Hazards of Epoxy Nanocomposites.” Compos. Part A Appl. Sci., 107 461–470 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Cusack, PA, Heer, MS, Monk, AW, “Zinc Hydroxystannate: A Combined Flame Retardant and Smoke Suppressant for Halogenated Polyesters.” Polym. Degrad. Stab., 32 (2) 177–190 (1991)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Andre, F, Cusack, PA, Monk, AW, “The Effect of Zinc Hydroxystannate and Zinc Stannate on the Fire Properties of Polyester Resins Containing Additive-Type Halogenated Flame Retardants.” Polym. Degrad. Stab., 40 (2) 267–273 (1993)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Cusack, PA, Heer, MS, Monk, AW, “Zinc Hydroxystannate as an Alternative Synergist to Antimony Trioxide in Polyester Resins Containing Halogenated Flame Retardants.” Polym. Degrad. Stab., 58 (1–2) 229–237 (1997)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Hornsby, PR, Cusack, PA, Cross, M, Toth, A, Zelei, B, Marosi, G, “Zinc Hydroxystannate-Coated Metal Hydroxide Fire Retardants: Fire Performance and Substrate-Coating Interactions.” J. Mater. Sci., 38 (13) 2893–2899 (2003)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Jena, H, Kutty, KVG, Kutty, TRN, “Ionic Transport and Structural Investigations on MSn(OH)6 (M = Ba, Ca, Mg Co, Zn, Fe, Mn) Hydroxide Perovskites Synthesized by Wet Sonochemical Methods.” Mater. Chem. Phys., 88 (1) 167–179 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Zhong, SL, Xu, R, Wang, L, Li, Y, Zhang, LF, “CuSn(OH)6 Submicrospheres: Room-Temperature Synthesis, Growth Mechanism, and Weak Antiferromagnetic Behavior.” Mater. Res. Bull., 46 (12) 2385–2391 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Sandesh, S, Kristachar, PKR, Manjunathan, P, Halgeri, AB, Shanbhag, GV, “Synthesis of Biodiesel and Acetins by Transesterification Reactions Using Novel CaSn(OH)6 Heterogeneous Base Catalyst.” Appl. Catal. A Gen., 523 1–11 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Wang, Z, Wang, Z, Wu, H, Lou, XW, “Mesoporous Single-Crystal CoSn(OH)6 Hollow Structures with Multilevel Interiors.” Sci. Rep., 3 1391 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Patel, DK, Nuwad, J, Rajeswari, B, Vishwanadh, B, Sudarsan, V, Vatsa, RK, Kadam, RM, Pillai, CGS, Kulshreshtha, SK, “Blue Light Emitting SrSn(OH)6 Nano-rods Doped with Lanthanide Ions (Eu3+, Tb3+ and Dy3+).” Mater. Res. Bull., 48 (2) 566–573 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Zhang, C, Guo, X, Ma, S, Liu, X, Xu, J, Ma, H, “Synthesis of an Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Strontium Hydroxystannate Nanorod and Application as Novel Flame Retardant.” Mater. Lett., 229 297–300 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Hu, X, Lv, G, Jia, Z, Jiang, J, Xiao, T, Yuan, M, Tang, Y, “A General Sonochemical Approach to Rapid Synthesis of 1D Single-Crystalline MSn(OH)6 (M = Ba, Ca, Sr) Nanostructures.” Appl. Surf. Sci., 257 (21) 9008–9013 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Meng, S, Li, D, Sun, M, Li, W, Wang, J, Chen, J, Fu, X, Xiao, G, “Sonochemical Synthesis, Characterization and Photocatalytic Properties of a Novel Cube-Shaped CaSn(OH)6.” Catal. Commun., 12 (11) 972–975 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. He, Q, Zi, J, Huang, B, Yan, L, Fa, W, Li, D, Zhang, Y, Gao, Y, Zheng, Z, “Controlled Growth and Thermal Decomposition of Well-Dispersed and Uniform ZnSn(OH)6 Submicrocubes.” J. Alloys Compd., 607 193–197 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Xu, JZ, Zhang, CY, Qu, HQ, Tian, CM, “Zinc Hydroxystannate and Zinc Stannate as Flame-Retardant Agents for Flexible Poly(Vinyl Chloride).” J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 98 (3) 1469–1475 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Horrocks, AR, Smart, G, Price, D, Kandola, B, “Zinc Stannates as Alternative Synergists in Selected Flame Retardant Systems.” J. Fire Sci., 27 (5) 495–521 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Fu, XL, Huang, DW, Qin, Y, Li, LF, Jiang, XL, Chen, SF, “Effects of Preparation Method on the Microstructure and Photocatalytic Performance of ZnSn(OH)6.” Appl. Catal. B Environ., 148–149 532–542 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Wu, J, Sun, JH, Jiao, YH, Hu, WD, Xu, JZ, “Preparation of Submicrometer Mesoporous Iron–Tin Oxide Hydroxide and Its Flame-Retardant and Smoke-Suppressant Properties on Flexible Poly(Vinyl Chloride).” J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 135 (18) 1–8 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Kramer, J, Kelly, B, Manivannan, V, “Synthesis of MSn(OH)6 (Where M = Mg, Ca, Zn, Mn, or Cu) Materials at Room Temperature.” Cent. Eur. J. Chem., 8 (1) 65–69 (2010)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Wang, L, Tang, K, Liu, Z, Wang, D, Sheng, J, Cheng, W, “Single-Crystalline ZnSn(OH)6 Hollow Cubes via Self-templated Synthesis at Room Temperature and Their Photocatalytic Properties.” J. Mater. Chem., 21 (12) 4352 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Wang, W, Kan, YC, Meow Liew, K, Song, L, Hu, Y, “Comparative Investigation on Combustion Property and Smoke Toxicity of Epoxy Resin Filled with α- and δ-MnO2 Nanosheets.” Compos. Part A Appl. Sci., 107 39–46 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Wei, YX, Deng, C, Zhao, ZY, Wang, YZ, “A Novel Organic–Inorganic Hybrid SiO2@DPP for the Fire Retardance of Polycarbonate.” Polym. Degrad. Stab., 154 177–185 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Wei, YX, Deng, C, Chen, H, Wan, L, Wei, WC, Wang, YZ, “Novel Core–Shell Hybrid Nanosphere towards the Mechanical Enhancement and Fire Retardance of Polycarbonate.” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 10 (33) 28036–28050 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Wei, WC, Deng, C, Huang, SC, Wei, YX, Wang, YZ, “Nickel-Schiff Base Decorated Graphene for Simultaneously Enhancing the Electroconductivity, Fire Resistance, and Mechanical Properties of a Polyurethane Elastomer.” J. Mater. Chem. A, 6 (18) 8643–8654 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Li, YM, Deng, C, Shi, XH, Xu, BR, Chen, H, Wang, YZ, “Simultaneously Improved Flame Retardance and Ceramifiable Properties of Polymer-Based Composites via the Formed Crystalline Phase at High Temperature.” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 11 (7) 7459–7471 (2019)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Shao, ZB, Deng, C, Tan, Y, Chen, MJ, Chen, L, Wang, YZ, “An Efficient Mono-component Polymeric Intumescent Flame Retardant for Polypropylene: Preparation and Application.” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 6 (10) 7363–7370 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Shao, ZB, Deng, C, Tan, Y, Chen, MJ, Chen, L, Wang, YZ, “Flame Retardation of Polypropylene via a Novel Intumescent Flame Retardant: Ethylenediamine-Modified Ammonium Polyphosphate.” Polym. Degrad. Stab., 106 88–96 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Wang, JL, Ma, C, Mu, X, Cai, W, Liu, LX, Zhou, X, Hu, WZ, Hu, Y, “Construction of Multifunctional MoSe2 Hybrid towards the Simultaneous Improvements in Fire Safety and Mechanical Property of Polymer.” J. Hazard. Mater., 352 36–46 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Guo, WW, Wang, X, Zhang, P, Liu, JJ, Song, L, Hu, Y, “Nano-fibrillated Cellulose-Hydroxyapatite Based Composite Foams with Excellent Fire Resistance.” Carbohydr. Polym., 195 71–78 (2018)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China

    Danqi Yang, Chong Zhang, Luming Dong, Xudong Hou, Weikang Zheng, Jianzhong Xu & Haiyun Ma

  2. Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Baoding, 071002, China

    Haiyun Ma

Authors
  1. Danqi Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Chong Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Luming Dong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Xudong Hou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Weikang Zheng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Jianzhong Xu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Haiyun Ma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Haiyun Ma.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Yang, D., Zhang, C., Dong, L. et al. Synthesis and properties of SrSn(OH)6 nanorods and their flame retardancy and smoke suppression effects on epoxy resin. J Coat Technol Res 16, 1715–1725 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-019-00254-x

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-019-00254-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation