Abstract
Modern antifouling coatings are generally based on cuprous oxide (Cu2O) and organic biocides as active ingredients. Cu2O is prone to bioaccumulation, and should therefore be replaced by more environmentally benign compounds when technically possible. However, cuprous oxide does not only provide antifouling properties, it is also a vital ingredient for the antifouling coating to obtain its polishing and leaching mechanism. In this paper, peroxides of strontium, calcium, magnesium, and zinc are tested as pigments in antifouling coatings. The peroxides react with seawater to create hydrogen peroxide and highly seawater-soluble ions of the metal. The goals have been to establish the antifouling potency of an antifouling coating that releases hydrogen peroxide as biocide, and to investigate the potential use of peroxides as water-soluble polishing and leaching pigments. The investigations have shown that it is possible to identify particulates that, when applied as pigments in antifouling coatings, will provide polishing and leaching rates comparable to those of Cu2O-based coatings. Furthermore, the combination of polishing and hydrogen peroxide leaching by a coating based on zinc peroxide in a suitable binder matrix provides antifouling properties exceeding those of a similar coating based entirely on zinc oxide.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Yebra, D. M., Kiil, S., Weinell, C. E., Dam-Johansen, K., “Review: Antifouling technology- Past, present and future steps towards efficient and environmentally friendly antifouling coatings.” Prog. Org. Coat., 50, 75–104 (2003).
Neale, M., ”The biocidal products directive- industry concerns.” Pesticides outlook, 14, 71–73 (2003).
Minoru, K, Shunkai, M, Katsumi, K, “Antifouling Composition.” Japanese Patent 01-213372, 1988
Minuro, K, Shunkai, M, Katsumi, K, “Coatings Containing Non-Metallic Antifouling Agent Releasable Compounds.” Japanese Patent Application 64-61404, 1989
Kiil, S., Dam-Johansen, K., Weinell, C. E., Pedersen, M. S.,” Seawater soluble pigments and their potential use in self-polishing antifouling coatings: a simulation-based screening tool,” Prog. Org. Coat., 45, 423–434 (2002).
Kiil, S., Dam-Johansen, K., Weinell, C. E., Pedersen, M. S., “Analysis of self-polishing antifouling coatings using rotary experiments and mathematical modelling,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 40, 3906–3920 (2001). doi:10.1021/ie010242n
Olsen, S. M., Pedersen, L. T., Kiil, S., Hermann, M. H., Dam-Johansen, K., “Enzyme-based antifouling: a review,” Biofouling, 23, 369–383 (2007). doi:10.1080/08927010701566384
Morris, RS, Walsh, IV, “Zinc Oxide Photoactive Antifoulant Material.” US Patent 5,916,947, 1996
Steiner, N., Eul, W., “Peroxides and peroxide compounds. Inorganic peroxides,” Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of chemical technology, 18, 1–35 (2001).
Ikuta, S, Ichikawa, S, Wakao, Y, Nishimura, K, Yasunaga, T, “Inorganic Peroxides for Heat Exchanger Biofouling Control.” Jt. ASME/IEEE Power Generation Conference, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, September 1988
Nishimura, K, Yasunaga, T, Ichikawa, S, Wakao, Y, “Development of a New Antifouling Method for a Marine Cooling Water System.” Marine Biology, 99, 145–150 (1988)
Elzannowska, H., Wolcott, R. G., Hannum, D. M., Hurst, J. K., “Bactericidal properties of hydrogen peroxide and copper or iron-containing complex ions in relation to leukocyte function,” Free radical & medicine, 18, 437–449 (1995).
Waite, A. J., Bonner, J. S., Autenrieth, R., “Kinetics and stoichiometry of oxygen release from solid peroxides,” Environmental engineering science, 16, 187–199 (1999).
White, D. M., Irvine, R. L., Woolard, C. R., “The use of solid peroxides to stimulate growth of aerobic microbes in tundra,” Journal of hazardous materials, 57, 71–78 (1998). doi:10.1016/S0304-3894(97)00065-4
Mathyarasu, J., Marutiamutiu, S., Muralidharan, S., Meenakshisundaram, R., Rengaswamy, N. S., “Evaluation of peroxide based biocides for inhibition and biocidal efficiencies,” Bulletin of Electrochemistry, 13, 289–293 (1997).
Asghari, A., Farrah, S. R., “Inactivation of bacteria by solids coated with magnesium peroxide,” Environ. Sci. Health. A28, 779–793 (1993).
Wicks, ZW, “Coatings.” Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia Chem. Technol., 7 77–150 (2002)
Savary, B., Hicks, K., O’Connor, J., “Hexose oxidase from Chondrus crispus: improved purification using perfusion chromatography.” Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 29, 42–51 (2001). doi:10.1016/S0141-0229(01)00351-9
Rittschof, D, Clare, AS, Gerhart, DJ, Mary, SA, Bonaventura, J, “Barnacle In Vitro Assays for Biologically Active Substances: Toxicity and Settlement Inhibition Assays Using Mass Cultured Balanus Amphitrite Darwin.” Biofouling, 6(2), 115–122 (1992)
Kiil, S, Weinell, CE, Yebra, DM, Dam-Johansen, K, “Marine Biofouling Protection: Design of Controlled Release Antifouling Paints.” In: Ng, KM, Gani, R, Dam-Johansen, K (eds.) Chemical Product Design; Towards a Perspective Through Case Studies, 23IDBN-13: 978-0-444-52217-7, Part II (7), Elsevier (2006)
Eul, W, Moeller, A, Steiner, N, “Hydrogen Peroxide.” Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chem. Technol., 1–53 (2001)
Yebra, D. M., Kiil, S., Weinell, C. E., Dam-Johansen, K., “Mini-review: Presence and effects of marine microbial biofilms on biocide-based antifouling coatings”. Biofouling, 22, 33–41 (2006). doi:10.1080/08927010500519097
Acknowledgments
This work is funded by the Danish Ministry of Science. It is part of the CHEC Research Center at the Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, funded among others by the Technical University of Denmark, the Danish Technical Research Council, the European Union, the Nordic Energy Research, Dong Energy A/S, Vattenfall A.B., F L Smidth A/S, J.C. Hempel Foundation, and Public Service Obligation funds from Energinet.dk and the Danish Energy Research program. The authors wish to thank the Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Tjärnö, at the University of Gothenburg for supplying barnacle cyprids. Also thanks to chemical engineer, Ajish John, for his good work and thorough reporting.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Olsen, S.M., Pedersen, L.T., Hermann, M.H. et al. Inorganic precursor peroxides for antifouling coatings. J Coat Technol Res 6, 187–199 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-008-9143-3
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-008-9143-3