Abstract
The protective quality of a coating is often measured by how long it delays the arrival of water to the substrate. The transport of water in, redistribution within, and eventually through a coating to the substrate has long been investigated through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). EIS measurements employing alternating nonaqueous (room temperature ionic liquids, RTIL) and aqueous electrolytes elucidated the behavior of water within the coating. Diffusion coefficients could be measured and the redistribution of water into percolating paths identified. The use of RTIL alternating with aqueous electrolytes allows determination of intrinsic properties (water volume fraction at saturation and relative dielectric) and kinetic properties predicted by the Brasher Kingsbury formulation. This article focuses on the sensitivity of these intrinsic and kinetic properties to test duration in an unique experimental method.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Brasher DM, Kingsbury AH (1954) Electrical Measurements in the Study of Immersed Paint Coatings on Metal. J. Appl. Chem. 4, 62
Lindqvist, SA, “Theory of Dielectric Properties of Heterogeneous Substances Applied to Water in a Paint Film.” Corrosion, 41 69 (1985)
Bellucci F, Nicodemo L (1993) Water Transport in Organic Coatings, Corrosion, 49(3):235–247
Van Westing EPM, Ferrari GM, De Wit JHW (1994) The Determination of Coating Performance with Impedance Measurements—II. Water Uptake in Coatings, Corros. Sci., 36:957
Castela AS, Simoes AM (2003) An Impedance Model for the Estimation of Water Absorption in Organic Coatings. Corros. Sci., 45:1647–1660
Wind MM, Lenderink HJW (1995) A Capacitance Study of Pseudo-Fickian Diffusion in Glassy Polymer Coatings. Prog. Org. Coat., 28:239–250
Zhang JT, Hu JM, Zhang JQ, Cao CN (2004) Studies of Impedance Models and Water Transport Behaviors of Polypropylene Coated Metals in NaCl Solution. Prog. Org. Coat., 49:293–301
Perez C, Collazo A, Izquierdo M, Merino P, Novoa XR (1999) Characterisation of the Barrier Properties of Different Paint Systems Part I. Experimental Set-Up and Ideal Fickian Diffusion. Prog. Org. Coat., 36:102–108
Park JH, Lee GD, Ooshige H, Nishikata A, Tsuru T (2003) Monitoring of Water Uptake in Organic Coatings Under Cyclic Wet–Dry Conditions. Corros. Sci. 45:1881–1894
Kolek Z (1997) Characterization of Water Penetration Inside Organic Coatings by Capacitance Measurements. Prog. Org. Coat., 30:287–292
Nguyen VN, Perrin FX, Vernet JL (2005) Water Permeability of Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Coatings Prepared by Sol–Gel Method: A Comparison Between Gravimetric and Capacitance Measurements and Evaluation of Non-Fickian Sorption, Corros. Sci., 47:397–412
Luo S, Leisen J, Wong CP (2002) Study of Mobility of Water and Polymer Chain in Epoxy and its Influence on Adhesion. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 85:1–8
Lin YC (2006) Investigation of the Moisture-Desorption Characteristics of Epoxy Resin. J. Polym. Res., 13:369–374
Bierwagen, G, Li, J, He, L, Tallman, D, “Fundamentals of the Measurement of Corrosion Protection and the Prediction of its Lifetime in Coatings.” In: Martin, J, Bauer, D (eds.) Chapter 14 in Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Service Life Prediction Methodology and Metrologies, Monterey, CA, Nov. 14–17, 1999, ACS Symposium Series # 805, ACS Books, Washington, DC, pp. 316–350 (2001)
Schiller C, Strunz W (2001) The Evaluation of Experimental Dielectric Data of Barrier Coatings by Means of Different Models. Electrochim. Acta, 46:3619–3625
Duval S, Keddam M, Sfaira M, Srhiri A, Takenouti H (2002) Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy of Epoxy-Vinyl Coating in Aqueous Medium Analyzed by Dipolar Relaxation of Polymer. J. Electrochem. Soc., 149:B520–B529
Hu JM, Zhang JQ, Cao CN (2003) Determination of Water Uptake and Diffusion of Cl-Ion in Epoxy Primer on Aluminum Alloys in NaCl Solution by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. Prog. Org. Coat. 46:273–279
Stafford OA, Hinderliter BR, Croll SG (2006) Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Response by Finite Element Methods, Electrochim. Acta 52:1339–1348
Simoes AM, Tallman DE, Bierwagen GP (2005) Use of Ionic Liquids for the Electrochemical Characterization of Water Transport in Organic Coatings. Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 8(10):B60–B63
Allahar, KN, Hinderliter, B, Simoes, AM, Tallman, D, Bierwagen, GP, Croll, SG, “Simulation of Wet–Dry Cycling of Organic Coatings using Ionic Liquids.” JES, 154(10) F177–F185 (2007)
DeRosa TM, Monetta T, Mitton DB, Belluci F (1998) Monitoring Degradation of Single and Multilayer Organic Coatings. J. Electrochem. Soc., 145(11):3830–3838
Schrager, R, modified by Ray Muzic, Arthur Jutan, www.matlab.com
Ochs H., Vogelsang J. (2004) Effect of Temperature Cycles on Impedance Spectra of Barrier Coatings Under Continuous Immersion Conditions. Electrochim. Acta, 49:2973–2980
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank the US Air Force Office of Scientific Research, contract number FA9599-04-1-0368, and Army Research Laboratory, contract number W911NF-04-2-0029, for support of this research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hinderliter, B.R., Allahar, K.N., Bierwagen, G.P. et al. Water sorption and diffusional properties of a cured epoxy resin measured using alternating ionic liquids/aqueous electrolytes in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. J Coat Technol Res 5, 431–438 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-008-9107-7
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-008-9107-7