Skip to main content
Log in

The psychology of whistleblowing

  • Published:
Science and Engineering Ethics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Whistleblowing, its antecedents, and its aftermath are complex and varied phenomena. Motivational factors in the perception of alleged misconduct and in the response to such allegations by the accused and the institution are examined. Understanding the psychological processes that underlie some of the surprising behavior surrounding whistleblowing will enable those who perceive wrongdoing, as well as the professional societies and work organizations which voice their concern, to better respond to apparent wrongdoing, while preserving the reputation and mental health of all parties to such cases.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Gunsalus, C.K. (1998) Preventing the Need for Whistleblowing: Practical Advice for University Administrators, Science and Engineering Ethics 4: 75–94.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Government Accountability Project, 1402 Third Ave., Suite 1215, Seattle, WA 98101, USA. email:〈gap@whistleblower.org〉; Website: 〈http://www.halcyon.com/tomcgap/welcome.html〉

  3. Gunsalus, C.K. (1998) How to Blow the Whistle and Still Have a Career Afterwards, Science and Engineering Ethics 4: 51–64.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Glazer, M.P. & Glazer, P.M. (1989) The Whistleblowers. Basic Books, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Sprague, R.L. (1998) The Voice of Experience, Science and Engineering Ethics 4: 33–44.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Ross, L. (1977) The intuitive psychologist and his shortcomings: Distortions in the attribution process. In: Berkowitz, L., ed., Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 10. Academic Press, New York, pp. 174–221.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Miller, A.G., Jones, E.E., & Hinkle, S. (1981) A robust attribution error in the personality domain. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 17: 587–600.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Gilbert, D.T. & Malone, P.S. (1995) The correspondence bias. Psychological Bulletin 117: 21–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Reeder, G.D. (1993) Trait-behavior relations and dispositional inference. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 19: 586–593.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Krull, D.S. (1993) Does the grist change the mill? The effect of the perceiver’s inferential goal on the process of social inference. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 19: 340–348.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Jones, E.E. & Nisbett, R.E. (1972). The actor and the observer: Divergent perceptions of the causes of behavior. In: Jones, E.E., et al. (eds.) Attribution: Perceiving the causes of behavior (pp. 79–94) General Learning Press, Morristown, NJ., pp. 79–94.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Baxter, T.L. & Goldberg, L.R. (1988) Perceived behavioral consistency underlying trait attributions to oneself and another: An extension of the actor-observer effect. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 13: 437–447.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Johnson, J.T. & Boyd, K.R. (1995) Dispositional traits versus the content of experience: Actor/observer differences in judgments of the “authentic self.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 21: 375–383.

    Google Scholar 

  14. VanHeck, G.L. & Dijkstra, P. (1985) The scope and generality of self-other asymmetry in person perception. European Journal of Social Psychology 15: 125–145.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Regan, D.T. & Totten, J. (1975) Empathy and attribution: Turning observers into actors. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 32: 850–856.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Ross, L., Greene, D., & House, P. (1977) The “false consensus effect”: An egocentric bias in social perception and attribution processes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 13: 279–301.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Krueger, J. & Zeiger, J.S. (1993) Social categorization and the truly false consensus effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65: 670–680.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Marks, G. & Miller, N. (1987) Ten years of research on the false-consensus effect: An empirical and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin 102: 72–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Mullen, B. & Riordan, C.A. (1988) Self-serving atributions for performance in naturalistic settings: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 18: 3–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Seligman, M.E.P. (1975) Helplessness: On depression, development, and death. Freeman, San Francisco, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Lerner, M. J. (1980) The Belief in a Just World: A Fundamental Delusion. Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Tajfel, H. (1981) Human Groups and Intergroup Relations. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Kanter, R.M. & Stein, B.A. (1979) Life in organizations: Workplaces as people experience them. Basic Books, New York, pp. 259–60.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Uttal, Bro. (1983) The corporate culture vultures. Fortune, October 16, p. 66.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Torbert, W. R. (1975) Pre-bureaucratic and post-bureaucratic stages of organizational development. Interpersonal Development 5:1–25.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Milgram, S. (1974) Obedience to Authority. Harper & Row, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Sarason, I.G., Sarason, B.R. & Pierce, G.R. (1990) (eds.) Social support: An iteractional view. Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Seligman, M. (1990) Learned Optimism. Pocketbooks, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Gamson, W.A., Fireman, B. & Rytina. (1982) Encounters with Unjust Authority. Dorsey Press, Homewood, Illinois.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Kohlberg, L. (1981) Essays on Moral Development. Vol I: The Philosophy of Moral Development: Moral Stages and the Idea of Justice. Harper & Row, San Francisco CA.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Kurtines, W. & Gewirtz, J. (1989) (eds.) Moral Development through Social Interaction. Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Cited in Lazarus, R. & Folkman, S. (1984) Stress, Appraisal and Coping. Springer, New York (p. 24).

    Google Scholar 

  33. Janis, I. & Mann, L. (1977) Decision Making. Free Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Booth, L. (1991) When God Becomes a Drug: Breaking the Chain of Religious Addiciton and Abuse, Tarcher, Los Angeles, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Adler, N.E. & Matthews, K.A. (1994) Health and psychology: Why do some people get sick and some stay well? Annual Review of Psychology 45: 229–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Taylor, S.E. (1995) Health psychology, 3rd Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Glass, D.C. (1977) Behavior patterns, sSress, and Coronary Disease. Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Krantz, D.S., Glass, D.C. & Snyder, M.L. (1974). Helplessness, stress level, and the coronary-prone behavior patterns, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 10: 284–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Bowie, N. (1982) Business ethics, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. p. 143.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Joan E. Sieber.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Sieber, J.E. The psychology of whistleblowing. SCI ENG ETHICS 4, 7–23 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-998-0002-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-998-0002-5

Keywords

Navigation