Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Novel Microemulgel Based on Persian Gum Hydrochlorides Containing Garlic Essential Oil: Rheological, Mechanical, and Antimicrobial Properties and In Vitro Sustained Release Modeling

  • RESEARCH
  • Published:
Food and Bioprocess Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The research aimed to produce microemulsions loaded with garlic essential oil (5, 10, and 15% w/w) to improve the mechanical and antimicrobial properties of Persian gum and k-carrageenan-based microemulgels against food pathogens. Microemulsions loaded with 10% garlic essential oil had an average particle size of 88.59 ± 2.59 mm and an encapsulation efficiency of 95.61 ± 1.38%. Microemulsions loaded with 10% garlic essential oil with levels of 3, 5, and 7% were used in the structure of hydrogels. Using garlic essential oil microemulsion (up to 50%) in microemulgels structure led to an increase in viscosity and consistency index. The rheological data were well-fitted by the power law model, and all samples had pseudoplastic (shear-thinning) behavior. The mechanical properties of microemulgels were improved by using microemulsions, and a 5% microemulsion of garlic essential oil was associated with an increase in hardness, cohesiveness, and chewiness indices. FTIR analysis confirmed that garlic essential oil is well placed in the microemulsion structure, and microemulsions containing garlic essential oil will strengthen the mechanical properties of microemulgels by establishing hydrogen bonds with the hydrogel matrix. The modeling of the release of garlic essential oil in food simulants showed that the highest amount of release occurs in aqueous media, and the Peleg model is the best description of the release behavior of the essential oil from the structure of microemulgels. The dominant mechanism involved in the garlic essential oil release in the food simulants was the Fickian release mechanism. Staphylococcus aureus showed the highest sensitivity against microemulgels loaded with garlic essential oil.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

The datasets used or analyzed during the current study is available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  • Abbasi, S. (2017). Challenges towards characterization and applications of a novel hydrocolloid: Persian gum. Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science, 28, 37–45.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alinaqi, Z., Khezri, A., & Rezaeinia, H. (2021). Sustained release modeling of clove essential oil from the structure of starch-based bio-nanocomposite film reinforced by electrosprayed zein nanoparticles. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 173, 193–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.118

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alishahi, A., Mirvaghefi, A., Tehrani, M. R., Farahmand, H., Shojaosadati, S. A., Dorkoosh, F. A., & Elsabee, M. Z. (2011). Shelf life and delivery enhancement of vitamin C using chitosan nanoparticles. Food Chemistry, 126(3), 935–940.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alpaslan, D., Olak, T., Turan, A., Ersen Dudu, T., & Aktas, N. (2021). A garlic oil-based organo-hydrogel for use in pH-sensitive drug release. Chemical Papers, 75(11), 5759–5772.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alvand, Z. M., Rahimi, M., & Rafati, H. (2022). Interaction of a natural compound nanoemulsion with Gram negative and Gram positive bacterial membrane; a mechanism based study using a microfluidic chip and DESI technique. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 626, 122181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barzegar, F., Nabizadeh, S., Kamankesh, M., Ghasemi, J. B., & Mohammadi, A. (2023). Recent advances in natural product-based nanoemulsions as promising substitutes for hazardous synthetic food additives: A new revolution in food processing. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 1–22.

  • Barzegar, M., Ghaderi Ghahfarokhi, M., Sahari, M. A., & Azizi, M. H. (2016). Enhancement of thermal stability and antioxidant activity of thyme essential oil by encapsulation in chitosan nanoparticles. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 18(7), 1781–1792.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borba, C. M., de Moraes Soares Araújo, G., Contessa, C. R., Dora, C. L., & de Medeiros Burkert, J. F. (2023). Influence of β-carotene nanoemulsions on technological parameters and stability in food matrices. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 1–13.

  • Cai, L., & Wang, Y. (2021). Physicochemical and antioxidant properties based on fish sarcoplasmic protein/chitosan composite films containing ginger essential oil nanoemulsion. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 14, 151–163.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cardoso‐Ugarte, G. A., López‐Malo, A., Palou, E., Ramírez‐Corona, N., Jiménez‐Fernández, M., & Jiménez‐ Munguía, M. T. (2021). Stability of oregano essential oil encapsulated in double (w/o/w) emulsions prepared with mechanical or high‐pressure homogenization and its effect in Aspergillus niger inhibition. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation, 45(2), e15104.

  • Carneiro, S. B., Kreutz, T., Limberger, R. P., Teixeira, H. F., da Veiga Júnior, V. F., & Koester, L. S. (2022). Piper aduncum essential oil rich in dillapiole: Development of hydrogel-thickened nanoemulsion and nanostructured lipid carrier intended for skin delivery. Pharmaceutics, 14(11), 2525.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dabestani, M., Kadkhodaee, R., Phillips, G. O., & Abbasi, S. (2018). Persian gum: A comprehensive review on its physicochemical and functional properties. Food Hydrocolloids, 78, 92–99.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donthi, M. R., Munnangi, S. R., Krishna, K. V., Saha, R. N., Singhvi, G., & Dubey, S. K. (2023). Nanoemulgel: A Novel Nano Carrier as a Tool for Topical Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics, 15(1), 164.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dudeja, I., Mankoo, R. K., & Singh, A. (2023). Citric acid crosslinked ternary blended (polyvinyl alcohol, lignin, lemongrass essential oil/nanoemulsions) biopolymeric hydrogel films: structural, functional, antioxidant, antifungal and biodegradable properties. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 1–15.

  • Eid, A. M., Jaradat, N., Issa, L., Abu-Hasan, A., Salah, N., Dalal, M., et al. (2022). Evaluation of anticancer, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities of rosemary (Rosmarinus Officinalis) essential oil and its Nanoemulgel. European Journal of Integrative Medicine, 55, 102175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ensandoost, R., Izadi-Vasafi, H., & Adelnia, H. (2022). Anti-bacterial activity of chitosan-alginate-poly (vinyl alcohol) hydrogel containing entrapped peppermint essential oil. Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part B, 61(2), 225–237.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ersen Dudu, T., Alpaslan, D., & Aktas, N. (2022). Application of poly (Agar-co-glycerol-co-sweet almond oil) based organo-hydrogels as a drug delivery material. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 30(2), 483–493.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Esteghlal, S., & Hosseinin, S. M. H. (2022). Fabrication of zein/Persian gum particles under the effect of pH and mixing ratio and investigating their physico-chemical properties.

  • Geng, X., Zhao, N., Song, X., Wu, J., Zhu, Q., Wu, T., et al. (2022). Fabrication and characterization of Konjac Glucomannan/Oat β-glucan composite hydrogel: Microstructure, physicochemical properties and gelation mechanism studies. Molecules, 27(23), 8494.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gökmen, F. Ö. (2023). Hydroxyapatite-doped Polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate hydrogels as smart porous packaging materials. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 1–13.

  • Herrera-Calderon, O., Chacaltana-Ramos, L. J., Huayanca-Gutiérrez, I. C., Algarni, M. A., Alqarni, M., & Batiha, G. E.-S. (2021). Chemical constituents, in vitro antioxidant activity and in silico study on NADPH oxidase of Allium sativum L.(garlic) essential oil. Antioxidants, 10(11), 1844.

  • Heydari-Majd, Mojtaba, Rezaeinia, H., Shadan, M. R. M. R., Ghorani, B., & Tucker, N. (2019a). Enrichment of zein nanofibre assemblies for therapeutic delivery of Barije (Ferula gummosa Boiss) essential oil. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101290

  • Heydari-Majd, M., Rezaeinia, H., Shadan, M. R., Ghorani, B., & Tucker, N. (2019b). Enrichment of zein nanofibre assemblies for therapeutic delivery of Barije (Ferula gummosa Boiss) essential oil. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101290

  • Ho, T. M., Razzaghi, A., Ramachandran, A., & Mikkonen, K. S. (2022). Emulsion characterization via microfluidic devices: A review on interfacial tension and stability to coalescence. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 299, 102541.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hua, Q., Wong, C. H., & Li, D. (2022). Postbiotics enhance the functionality of a probiotic edible coating for salmon fillets and the probiotic stability during simulated digestion. Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 34, 100954.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jamali, S. N., Assadpour, E., Feng, J., & Jafari, S. M. (2021). Natural antimicrobial-loaded nanoemulsions for the control of food spoilage/pathogenic microorganisms. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 295, 102504.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kapoor, G., Saigal, S., & Elongavan, A. (2017). Action and resistance mechanisms of antibiotics: A guide for clinicians. Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology, 33(3), 300.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kapusta, O., Jarosz, A., Stadnik, K., Giannakoudakis, D. A., Barczyński, B., & Barczak, M. (2023). Antimicrobial natural hydrogels in biomedicine: Properties, Applications, and challenges—A concise review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(3), 2191.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, N., Rahul, K., Gniewosz, M., & Kieliszek, M. (2023). Characterization of aloe vera gel-based edible coating with orange peel essential oil and its preservation effects on button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus). Food and Bioprocess Technology, 1–21.

  • Lee, J.-S., Choi, I., & Han, J. (2021). Mathematical modeling of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) bark oil release from agar/PVA biocomposite film for antimicrobial food packaging: The effects of temperature and relative humidity. Food Chemistry, 363, 130306.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, H., Zhang, L., Cao, H., Liu, T., Xi, Z., Li, H., et al. (2023). Whey protein-based high internal phase emulsion gel characterization and its effect on the textural and melting properties of processed cheese. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 1–15.

  • Liu, C., Morimoto, N., Jiang, L., Kawahara, S., Noritomi, T., Yokoyama, H., et al. (2021). Tough hydrogels with rapid self-reinforcement. Science, 372(6546), 1078–1081.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, T., & Liu, L. (2020). Fabrication and characterization of chitosan nanoemulsions loading thymol or thyme essential oil for the preservation of refrigerated pork. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 162, 1509–1515.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lupo, B., Maestro, A., Gutiérrez, J. M., & González, C. (2015). Characterization of alginate beads with encapsulated cocoa extract to prepare functional food: Comparison of two gelation mechanisms. Food Hydrocolloids, 49, 25–34.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mahinroosta, M., Farsangi, Z. J., Allahverdi, A., & Shakoori, Z. (2018). Hydrogels as intelligent materials: A brief review of synthesis, properties and applications. Materials Today Chemistry, 8, 42–55.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malekjani, N., & Jafari, S. M. (2021). Modeling the release of food bioactive ingredients from carriers/nanocarriers by the empirical, semiempirical, and mechanistic models. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 20(1), 3–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Montes de Oca-Ávalos, J. M., Borroni, V., Huck-Iriart, C., Navarro, A. S., Candal, R. J., & Herrera, M. L. (2020). Relationship between formulation, gelation kinetics, micro/nanostructure and rheological properties of sodium caseinate nanoemulsion-based acid gels for food applications. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 13, 288–299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moradi, S., Barati, A., Salehi, E., Tonelli, A. E., & Hamedi, H. (2019). Preparation and characterization of chitosan based hydrogels containing cyclodextrin inclusion compounds or nanoemulsions of thyme oil. Polymer International, 68(11), 1891–1902.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mostaghimi, M., Majdinasab, M., Golmakani, M.-T., Hadian, M., & Hosseini, S. M. H. (2023). Development and characterization of antimicrobial alginate hydrogel beads filled with cinnamon essential oil nanoemulsion. Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 1–17.

  • Najafabadi, A. P., Pourmadadi, M., Yazdian, F., Rashedi, H., Rahdar, A., & Díez-Pascual, A. M. (2023). pH-sensitive ameliorated quercetin delivery using graphene oxide nanocarriers coated with potential anticancer gelatin-polyvinylpyrrolidone nanoemulsion with bitter almond oil. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 82, 104339.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Narayanan, M., Srinivasan, B., Sambantham, M. T., Al-Keridis, L. A., & AL-mekhlafi, F. A. (2022). Green synthesizes and characterization of copper-oxide nanoparticles by Thespesia populnea against skin-infection causing microbes. Journal of King Saud University-Science, 34(3), 101885.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ojha, B., Jain, V. K., Gupta, S., Talegaonkar, S., & Jain, K. (2022). Nanoemulgel: A promising novel formulation for treatment of skin ailments. Polymer Bulletin, 79(7), 4441–4465.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Omar, J., Ponsford, D., Dreiss, C. A., Lee, T., & Loh, X. J. (2022). Supramolecular hydrogels: Design strategies and contemporary biomedical applications. Chemistry–An Asian Journal, 17(9), e202200081.

  • Peng, N., Wang, Y., Ye, Q., Liang, L., An, Y., Li, Q., & Chang, C. (2016). Biocompatible cellulose-based superabsorbent hydrogels with antimicrobial activity. Carbohydrate Polymers, 137, 59–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pérez-Rafael, S., Ivanova, K., Stefanov, I., Puiggalí, J., Del Valle, L. J., Todorova, K., et al. (2021). Nanoparticle-driven self-assembling injectable hydrogels provide a multi-factorial approach for chronic wound treatment. Acta Biomaterialia, 134, 131–143.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rahiminezhad, Z., Gahruie, H. H., Esteghlal, S., Mesbahi, G. R., Golmakani, M.-T., & Hosseini, S. M. H. (2020). Oxidative stability of linseed oil nano-emulsions filled in calcium alginate hydrogels. Lwt, 127, 109392.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rata, D. M., Cadinoiu, A. N., Popa, M., Atanase, L. I., Daraba, O. M., Popescu, I., et al. (2021). Biocomposite hydrogels for the treatment of bacterial infections: Physicochemical characterization and in vitro assessment. Pharmaceutics, 13(12), 2079.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rezaeinia, H., Ghorani, B., Emadzadeh, B., & Tucker, N. (2019). Electrohydrodynamic atomization of Balangu (Lallemantia royleana) seed gum for the fast-release of Mentha longifolia L. essential oil: Characterization of nano-capsules and modeling the kinetics of release. Food Hydrocolloids, 93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.02.018

  • Rezaeinia, H., Emadzadeh, B., & Ghorani, B. (2020a). Electrospun balangu (Lallemantia royleana) hydrocolloid nanofiber mat as a fast-dissolving carrier for bergamot essential oil. Food Hydrocolloids, 100, 105312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.105312

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rezaeinia, H., Ghorani, B., Emadzadeh, B., & Mohebbi, M. (2020b). Prolonged-release of menthol through a superhydrophilic multilayered structure of balangu (Lallemantia royleana)-gelatin nanofibers. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 115, 111115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.111115

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salehi, B., Zucca, P., Orhan, I. E., Azzini, E., Adetunji, C. O., Mohammed, S. A., et al. (2019). Allicin and health: A comprehensive review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 86, 502–516.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shabkhiz, M. A., Pirouzifard, M. K., Pirsa, S., & Mahdavinia, G. R. (2021). Alginate hydrogel beads containing Thymus daenensis essential oils/Glycyrrhizic acid loaded in β-cyclodextrin. Investigation of structural, antioxidant/antimicrobial properties and release assessment. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 344, 117738.

  • Shadman, S., Hosseini, S. E., Langroudi, H. E., & Shabani, S. (2017). Evaluation of the effect of a sunflower oil-based nanoemulsion with Zataria multiflora Boiss. essential oil on the physicochemical properties of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillets during cold storage. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 79, 511–517.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaker, D. S., Ishak, R. A. H., Ghoneim, A., & Elhuoni, M. A. (2019). Nanoemulsion: A review on mechanisms for the transdermal delivery of hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs. Scientia Pharmaceutica, 87(3), 17.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silva, H. D., Cerqueira, M. Â., & Vicente, A. A. (2012). Nanoemulsions for food applications: Development and characterization. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 5, 854–867.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soares, M. G., Bevilaqua, G. C., & de Lima, M. (2023). Potential applications of environmentally friendly nanoparticles in food matrices: A review. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 1–19.

  • Soltanzadeh, M., Peighambardoust, S. H., Ghanbarzadeh, B., Mohammadi, M., & Lorenzo, J. M. (2021). Chitosan nanoparticles as a promising nanomaterial for encapsulation of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel extract as a natural source of antioxidants. Nanomaterials, 11(6), 1439.

  • Stavarache, C. E., Ghebaur, A., Dinescu, S., Samoilă, I., Vasile, E., Vlasceanu, G. M., et al. (2021). 5-Aminosalicylic acid loaded chitosan-carrageenan hydrogel beads with potential application for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Polymers, 13(15), 2463.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tavares, T. D., Antunes, J. C., Padrão, J., Ribeiro, A. I., Zille, A., Amorim, M. T. P., et al. (2020). Activity of specialized biomolecules against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Antibiotics, 9(6), 314.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tayebi-Moghaddam, S., Khatibi, R., Taklavi, S., Hosseini-Isfahani, M., & Rezaeinia, H. (2021). Sustained-release modeling of clove essential oil in brine to improve the shelf life of Iranian white cheese by bioactive electrospun zein. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 355(July), 109337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109337

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verma, T., Aggarwal, A., Dey, P., Chauhan, A. K., Rashid, S., Chen, K. T., & Sharma, R. (2023). Medicinal and therapeutic properties of garlic, garlic essential oil, and garlic-based snack food: An updated review. Frontiers in Nutrition, 10, 1120377. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1120377

  • Wahid, F., Zhong, C., Wang, H.-S., Hu, X.-H., & Chu, L.-Q. (2017). Recent advances in antimicrobial hydrogels containing metal ions and metals/metal oxide nanoparticles. Polymers, 9(12), 636.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y., Yuan, C., Liu, Y., & Cui, B. (2021). Fabrication of kappa–carrageenan hydrogels with cinnamon essential oil/hydroxypropyl–β–cyclodextrin composite: Evaluation of physicochemical properties, release kinetics and antimicrobial activity. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 170, 593–601.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, Y., Yang, W., Wang, C., Hu, J., & Fu, S. (2005). Chitosan nanoparticles as a novel delivery system for ammonium glycyrrhizinate. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 295(1–2), 235–245.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xue, J., & Zhong, Q. (2014). Blending lecithin and gelatin improves the formation of thymol nanodispersions. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 62(13), 2956–2962.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, K., Han, Q., Chen, B., Zheng, Y., Zhang, K., Li, Q., & Wang, J. (2018). Antimicrobial hydrogels: Promising materials for medical application. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 2217–2263.

  • Yew, H.-C., & Misran, M. (2016). Preparation and characterization of pH dependent κ-carrageenan-chitosan nanoparticle as potential slow release delivery carrier. Iranian Polymer Journal, 25, 1037–1046.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge Islamic Azad University, Kerman Branch, Kerman, Iran for their technical support.

Funding

The authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran

    Asma Azizabadi, Ashraf Kariminik & Mohammad Mehdi Motaghi

  2. Food and Agricultural Safety Research Center, Kerman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kerman, Iran

    Ashraf Kariminik

Authors
  1. Asma Azizabadi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ashraf Kariminik
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mohammad Mehdi Motaghi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Asma Azizabadi: investigation, writing—original draft, validation, formal analysis. Ashraf Kariminik: conceptualization, methodology, writing—review and editing, validation, supervision, project administration. Mohammad Mehdi Motaghi: writing—review and editing, supervision.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ashraf Kariminik.

Ethics declarations

Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate

Not applicable.

Competing Interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Azizabadi, A., Kariminik, A. & Motaghi, M.M. Novel Microemulgel Based on Persian Gum Hydrochlorides Containing Garlic Essential Oil: Rheological, Mechanical, and Antimicrobial Properties and In Vitro Sustained Release Modeling. Food Bioprocess Technol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-024-03371-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-024-03371-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation