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Estimation of Apple Mealiness by Means of Laser Scattering Measurement

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Abstract

Mealiness is a phenomenon in which intercellular adhesions in apples loosen during storage, causing a soft and floury texture at the time of eating, and leading to lower consumer preference. Although apples can be stored and commercially sold throughout the year, the occurrence of mealiness is not monitored during storage. Therefore, the objective of this research was to non-destructively estimate the mealiness of apple fruit by means of laser scattering measurement. This method is based on laser light backscattering imaging but can quantify a wider range of backscattered light than the conventional method by utilizing high dynamic range (HDR) rendering techniques. Lasers with wavelengths of 633 nm and 850 nm were used as a light source, and after acquiring backscattered images, profiles, and images were obtained. Profile features such as curve fitting coefficients and profile slopes and image features such as statistical image features and texture features were extracted from the profiles and images, respectively. PLS, SVM, and ANN models were used for the estimation of mealiness. The results of the estimation based on these features showed that the ANN model combining both wavelengths had a higher performance (R = 0.634, RMSE = 7.621) than the models constructed from features of single wavelength measurements. In order to further improve the performance of the model, we applied various ensemble learning methods to combine different estimation models. As a result, the ensemble model showed the highest performance (R = 0.682, RMSE = 7.281). These results suggest that laser scattering measurement is a promising method for estimating apple fruit mealiness.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated during and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Dr. Ando from the National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Japan, for his assistance in operating the micro X-ray CT.

Funding

This work was partly supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 17K15354.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan

    Daiki Iida

  2. Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan

    Mito Kokawa & Yutaka Kitamura

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Daiki Iida designed and conducted the experiments and wrote the main manuscript. Mito Kokawa designed the research project, constructed the measurement device, edited the manuscript, and prepared the figures. Yutaka Kitamura oversaw the research project and was in charge of overall supervision. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Mito Kokawa.

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Iida, D., Kokawa, M. & Kitamura, Y. Estimation of Apple Mealiness by Means of Laser Scattering Measurement. Food Bioprocess Technol 16, 2483–2496 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-023-03068-3

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