Abstract
Release behavior of encapsulated food bioactives is an important issue which has not been befittingly studied. Cellular automaton is a mathematical model that shows complex systems can be simulated based on interactions of their constructing components. In this research, cellular automata were proposed for simulating encapsulant release through lipid nanocarriers via diffusion mechanism in order to know effects of different parameters, e.g., encapsulant load, kind of neighborhood, probability of encapsulant solubility, encapsulant distribution, and type of release medium in two and three dimensions. The simulation results were validated using experimental hesperetin release data which showed good agreement indicating the ability of cellular automata to enhance the resolution over the complexity of the diffusion phenomenon during encapsulant release from nanocarriers.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arifin, D. Y., Lee, L. Y., & Wang, C.-H. (2006). Mathematical modeling and simulation of drug release from microspheres: implications to drug delivery systems. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 58(12–13), 1274–1325.
Bandman, O. (1999). Comparative study of cellular-automata diffusion models. In V. Malyshkin (Ed.), Parallel computing technologies (Vol. 1662, 756–756). Berlin: Springer.
Barat, A., Ruskin, H. J., & Crane, M. (2006). Probabilistic methods for drug dissolution. Part 2. Modelling a soluble binary drug delivery system dissolving in vitro. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, 14, 857–873.
Bertrand, N., Leclair, G., & Hildgen, P. (2007). Modeling drug release from bioerodible microspheres using a cellular automaton. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 343(1–2), 196–207.
Fathi, M., Mozafari, M. R., & Mohebbi, M. (2012a). Nanoencapsulation of food ingredients using lipid based delivery systems. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 23(1), 13–27.
Fathi, M., Varshosaz, J., Mohebbi, M., & Shahidi, F. (2012b). Hesperetin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructure lipid carriers for food fortification: preparation, characterization, and modeling. Food and Bioprocess Technology. doi:10.1007/s11947-012-0845-2.
Fuchs, M., Turchiuli, C., Bohin, M., Cuvelier, M. E., Ordonnaud, C., Peyrat-Maillard, M. N., & Dumoulin, E. (2006). Encapsulation of oil in powder using spray drying and fluidised bed agglomeration. Journal of Food Engineering, 75(1), 27–35.
Hoekstra, A. G., Kroc, J., & Sloot, P. M. A. (2010). Introduction to modeling of complex systems using cellular automata. In A. G. Hoekstra, J. Kroc, & P. M. A. Sloot (Eds.), Simulation based understanding of complex systems with cellular automata. Heidelberg: Springer.
Ilachinski, A. (2001). Cellular automata: a discrete universe. Singapore: World Scientific.
Ivanov, S., Troyankin, A., Gurikov, P., Kolnoochenko, A., Menshutina, N., Pistikopoulos, E. N., Georgiadis, M. C., & Kokossis, A. C. (2011). 3D cellular automata for modeling of spray freeze drying process. Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, 29, 136–140.
Klaypradit, W., & Huang, Y.-W. (2008). Fish oil encapsulation with chitosan using ultrasonic atomizer. LWT- Food Science and Technology, 41(6), 1133–1139.
Laaksonen, H., Hirvonen, J., & Laaksonen, T. (2009a). Cellular automata model for swelling-controlled drug release. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 380(1–2), 25–32.
Laaksonen, T. J., Laaksonen, H. M., Tapio Hirvonen, J., & Murtomaki, L. (2009b). Cellular automata model for drug release from binary matrix and reservoir polymeric devices. Biomaterials, 30(10), 1978–1987.
Müller, R. H., Lippacher, A., & Gohla, S., Eds. (2000). Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) as a carrier system for the controlled release of drugs. Handbook of pharmaceutical controlled release technology. New York. Basel, CRC Press.
Müller, R. H., Radtke, M., & Wissing, S. A. (2002). Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) in cosmetic and dermatological preparations. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 54, S131–S155.
Neumann, J. V. (1966). Theory of self-replicating automata. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Peridier, V. J. (2005). Estimating transient surface heating using a cellular automaton energy-transport model. Complex Systems, 16, 139–153.
Siepmann, J., Faisant, N., & Benoit, J.-P. (2002). A new mathematical model quantifying drug release from bioerodible microparticles using Monte Carlo simulations. Pharmaceutical Research, 19(2), 1885–1893.
Siepmann, J., & Gopferich, A. (2001). Mathematical modeling of bioerodible, polymeric drug delivery systems. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 48, 229–247.
Sriamornsak, P., Nunthanid, J., Cheewatanakornkool, K., & Manchun, S. (2010). Effect of drug loading method on drug content and drug release from calcium pectinate gel beads. AAPS PharmSciTech, 11(3), 1315–1319.
Srirangam, R., & Majumdar, S. (2010). Passive asymmetric transport of hesperetin across isolated rabbit cornea. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 394, 60–67.
Toffoli, T., & Margolus, N. (1987). Cellular automata machines: a new environment for modeling. New York: MIT Press.
Turchiuli, C., Fuchs, M., Bohin, M., Cuvelier, M. E., Ordonnaud, C., Peyrat-Maillard, M. N., & Dumoulin, E. (2005). Oil encapsulation by spray drying and fluidised bed agglomeration. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 6(1), 29–35.
Wolfram, S. (2002). A new kind of science. Champaign, IL: Wolfram Media.
Yang, S., & Washington, C. (2006). Drug release from microparticulate systems. In S. Benita (Ed.), Microencapsulation: methods and industrial applications. New York: Taylor & Francis.
Zhang, M., Yang, Z., Chow, L., & Wang, C. (2003). Simulation of drug release from biodegradable polymeric microspheres with bulk and surface erosions. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 92, 2040–2056.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to acknowledge the Iran National Science Foundation (INSF) for financial support under grant number of 89004288.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fathi, M., Mohebbi, M., Varshosaz, J. et al. Cellular Automata Modeling of Hesperetin Release Phenomenon from Lipid Nanocarriers. Food Bioprocess Technol 6, 3134–3142 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-012-0995-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-012-0995-2