Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Non-rapid eye movement parasomnias

  • Published:
Current Treatment Options in Neurology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Opinion statement

Non-rapid eye movement parasomnias are unique physical or experiential phenomena that disrupt sleep. Non-rapid eye movement parasomnias are common in children, but they typically outgrow them. Sleep-stage shifts caused by sleep-disordered breathing and associated arousals may be precipitating events for episodes of parasomnia. Seizure disorders should always be considered in the differential diagnosis for the evaluation of parasomnias. Violent or injurious sleepwalking should be rapidly evaluated and treated.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References and Recommended Reading

  1. Mahowald M: Arousal and sleep-wake transition parasomnias. In Sleep Medicine. Edited by Lee-Chiong T, Sateia M, Carskadon M. Canada: Hanley & Belfus; 2002:207.

    Google Scholar 

  2. The International Classification of Sleep Disorders, Revised. Chicago: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2004.

  3. Espa F, Dauvilliers Y, Ondze B, et al.: Arousal reactions in sleepwalking and night terrors in adults: the role of respiratory events. Sleep 2002, 25:871–875.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Ohayon MM, Guilleminault C, Priest RG: Night terrors, sleepwalking, and confusional arousals in the general population: their frequency and relationship to other sleep and mental disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 1999, 60:268–276.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Kales A, Soldatos CR, Bixler EO, et al.: Hereditary factors in sleepwalking and night terrors. Br J Psychiatry 1980, 137:111–118.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Guilleminault C, Palombini L, Pelayo R, Chervin RD: Sleepwalking and sleep terrors in prepubertal children: what triggers them? Pediatrics 2003, 111:17–25. This paper discusses the association between arousal parasomnias and SDB.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Mahowald MW, Bundlie SR, Hurwitz TD, Schenck CH: Sleep violence. Forensic science implications: polygraphic and video documentation. J Forensic Sci 1990, 35:413–432.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Klackenberg G: Somnambulism in childhood: prevalence, course and behavioral correlations. A prospective longitudinal study (6-16 years). Acta Paediatr Scand 1982, 71:495–499.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Arkin AM, Toth MF, Baker J, Hastey JM: The frequency of sleep talking in the laboratory among chronic sleep talkers and good dream recallers. J Nerv Ment Dis 1970, 151:369–374.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Ohayon MM, Li KK, Guilleminault C: Risk factors for sleep bruxism in the general population. Chest 2001, 119:53–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Okeson JP, Phillips BA, Berry DT, et al.: Nocturnal bruxing events in subjects with sleep-disordered breathing and control subjects. J Craniomandib Disord 1991, 5:258–264.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Bader GG, Kampe T, Tagdae T, et al.: Descriptive physiological data on a sleep bruxism population. Sleep 1997, 20:982–990.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Oksenberg A, Arons E: Sleep bruxism related to obstructive sleep apnea: the effect of continuous positive airway pressure. Sleep Med 2002, 3:513–515.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Brooks LJ, Topol HI: Enuresis in children with sleep apnea. J Pediatr 2003, 142:515–518.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Umlauf MG, Chasens ER: Sleep disordered breathing and nocturnal polyuria: nocturia and enuresis. Sleep Med Rev 2003, 7:403–411.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Umlauf MG, Chasens ER: Bedwetting-not always what it seems: a sign of sleep-disordered breathing in children. J Spec Pediatr Nurs 2003, 8:22–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Weider DJ, Hauri PJ: Nocturnal enuresis in children with upper airway obstruction. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1985, 9:173–182.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Weider DJ, Sateia MJ, West RP: Nocturnal enuresis in children with upper airway obstruction. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1991, 105:427–432.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Baruzzi A, Riva R, Cirignotta F, et al.: Atrial natriuretic peptide and catecholamines in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep 1991, 14:83–86.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Young T, Palta M, Dempsey J, et al.: The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults. N Engl J Med 1993, 328:1230–1235.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Udwadia ZF, Doshi AV, Lonkar SG, Singh CI: Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing and sleep apnea in middle-aged urban Indian men. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004, 169:168–173.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Chung KF: Relationships between insomnia and sleepdisordered breathing. Chest 2003, 123:310–311.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Krakow B, Melendrez D, Ferreira E, et al.: Prevalence of insomnia symptoms in patients with sleep-disordered breathing. Chest 2001, 120:1923–1929.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Shin C, Joo S, Kim J, Kim T: Prevalence and correlates of habitual snoring in high school students. Chest 2003, 124:1709–1715.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Bixler EO, Vgontzas AN, Lin HM, et al.: Association of hypertension and sleep-disordered breathing. Arch Intern Med 2000, 160:2289–2295.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Reid WH: Treatment of somnambulism in military trainees. Am J Psychother 1975, 29:101–106.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Reid WH, Ahmed I, Levie CA: Treatment of sleepwalking: a controlled study. Am J Psychother 1981, 35:27–37.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Gutnik BD, Reid WH: Adult somnambulism: two treatment approaches. Nebr Med J 1982, 67:309–312.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Mahowald MW: Parasomnias. In Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, edn 3. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company; 2000:693. This is a comprehensive review of parasomnias.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Fisher C, Kahn E, Edwards A, Davis DM: A psychophysiological study of nightmares and night terrors: the suppression of stage 4 night terrors with diazepam. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1973, 28:252–259.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Popoviciu L, Corfariu O: Efficacy and safety of midazolam in the treatment of night terrors in children. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1983, 16(suppl):97S-102S.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Cooper AJ: Treatment of coexistent night-terrors and somnambulism in adults with imipramine and diazepam. J Clin Psychiatry 1987, 48:209–210.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Brooks S, Kushida CA: Behavioral parasomnias. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2002, 4:363–368.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Casas JM, Beemsterboer P, Clark GT: A comparison of stress-reduction behavioral counseling and contingent nocturnal EMG feedback for the treatment of bruxism. Behav Res Ther 1982, 20:9–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Pierce CJ, Gale EN: A comparison of different treatments for nocturnal bruxism. J Dent Res 1988, 67:597–601.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Moss RA, Hammer D, Adams HE, et al.: A more efficient biofeedback procedure for the treatment of nocturnal bruxism. J Oral Rehabil 1982, 9:125–131.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Gastone L: Indications for the use of hypnosis in the treatment of bruxism in relation to its psychosomatic nature. Minerva Med 1983, 74:2975–2978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Solberg WK, Clark GT, Rugh JD: Nocturnal electromyographic evaluation of bruxism patients undergoing short term splint therapy. J Oral Rehabil 1975, 2:215–223.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Clark GT, Beemsterboer PL, Solberg WK, Rugh JD: Nocturnal electromyographic evaluation of myofascial pain dysfunction in patients undergoing occlusal splint therapy. J Am Dent Assoc 1979, 99:607–611.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Okeson JP: The effects of hard and soft occlusal splints on nocturnal bruxism. J Am Dent Assoc 1987, 114:788–791.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Raigrodski AJ, Christensen LV, Mohamed SE, Gardiner DM: The effect of four-week administration of amitriptyline on sleep bruxism: a double-blind crossover clinical study. Cranio 2001, 19:21–25.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Mohamed SE, Christensen LV, Penchas J: A randomized double-blind clinical trial of the effect of amitriptyline on nocturnal masseteric motor activity (sleep bruxism). Cranio 1997, 15:326–332.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Lavigne GJ, Soucy JP, Lobbezoo F, et al.: Double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled trial of bromocriptine in patients with sleep bruxism. Clin Neuropharmacol 2001, 24:145–149.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Lobbezoo F, Lavigne GJ, Tanguay R, Montplaisir JY: The effect of catecholamine precursor L-dopa on sleep bruxism: a controlled clinical trial. Mov Disord 1997, 12:73–78.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Ellison JM, Stanziani P: SSRI-associated nocturnal bruxism in four patients. J Clin Psychiatry 1993, 54:432–434.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Chikhani L, Dichamp J: Bruxism, temporo-mandibular dysfunction and botulinum toxin. Ann Readapt Med Phys 2003, 46:333–337.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Tan EK, Jankovic J: Treating severe bruxism with botulinum toxin. J Am Dent Assoc 2000, 131:211–216.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Wille S: Primary nocturnal enuresis in children: background and treatment. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 1994, 156:1–48.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Wille S: Comparison of desmopressin and enuresis alarm for nocturnal enuresis. Arch Dis Child 1986, 61:30–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. van Londen A, Londen-Barentsen MW, van Son MJ, Mulder GA: Arousal training for children suffering from nocturnal enuresis: a 2 1/2 year follow-up. Behav Res Ther 1993, 31:613–615.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Edwards SD, van der Spuy HI: Hypnotherapy as a treatment for enuresis. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1985, 26:161–170.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Kumazawa-Ichikawa MR, Franco-Tostado B, Ruvalcaba-Aceves R: Management of primary nocturnal enuresis in school children with slow learning ability: usefulness of imipramine. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex 1990, 47:390–394.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Mehta A, Qian J, Petocz P, Darendeliler MA, Cistulli PA: A randomized, controlled study of a mandibular advancement splint for obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001, 163:1457–1461.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Randerath WJ, Heise M, Hinz R, Ruehle KH: An individually adjustable oral appliance vs continuous positive airway pressure in mild-to-moderate obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Chest 2002, 122:569–575.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Troell RJ: Radiofrequency techniques in the treatment of sleep-disordered breathing. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2003, 36:473–493.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Attal P, Popot B, Le Pajolec C, et al.: Short term evaluation of a new treatment method for primary snoring: radiofrequency energy. Ann Otolaryngol Chir Cervicofac 2000, 117:259–265.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Rombaux P, Hamoir M, Bertrand B, et al.: Postoperative pain and side effects after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty, and radiofrequency tissue volume reduction in primary snoring. Laryngoscope 2003, 113:2169–2173.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Brietzke SE, Mair EA: Injection snoreplasty: how to treat snoring without all the pain and expense. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001, 124:503–510.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Mahowald MW, Schenck CH: NREM sleep parasomnias. Neurol Clin 1996, 14:675–696. Although from 1996, this is an excellent and comprehensive review of non-REM parasomnias.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sleep Disorders Clinic, Stanford University, 401 Quarry Road, Suite 3301, 94305, Stanford, CA, USA

    Clete A. Kushida MD, PhD

Authors
  1. Mehran Farid MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Clete A. Kushida MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Farid, M., Kushida, C.A. Non-rapid eye movement parasomnias. Curr Treat Options Neurol 6, 331–337 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11940-004-0032-5

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11940-004-0032-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation