Skip to main content
Log in

Optimization of Antiplatelet Therapy in STEMI

  • Coronary Artery Disease (D Feldman and V Voudris, Section Editors)
  • Published:
Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Opinion statement

Antiplatelet therapy is an essential component of ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) management. Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with aspirin and clopidogrel has previously been the standard of care for STEMI management, but the advent of newer, more potent P2Y12 inhibitors has expanded the options for the management of STEMI. As compared with clopidogrel, these newer P2Y12 agents—such as prasugrel and ticagrelor—allow for further reductions in ischemic end points, without the robust increases in bleeding seen in previous studies of antithrombotic therapies. Understanding the nuances of these newer agents allows optimization of therapy for the individual patient and circumstance. Ultimately, combining these newer therapies, in specific populations, and specific approaches—alternative access strategies (e.g., radial)—may allow us to maximize efficacy and reduce the risk of antiplatelet therapies in treating patients with STEMI.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References and Recommended Reading

Papers of particular of interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: •  Of importance ••  Of major importance

  1. • Meadows TA, Bhatt DL. Clinical aspects of platelet inhibitors and thrombus formation. Circ Res. 2007;100:1261–75. Excellent review on the pathophysiology of antiplatelet therapy.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Bhatt DL, Hulot JS, Moliterno DJ, Harrington RA. Antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapy for acute coronary syndromes. Circ Res. 2014;114:1929–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Randomised trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17,187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infraction: ISIS-2. ISIS-2 (Second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. Lancet 1988; 2: 349.

  4. Current –Oasis 7 Investigators, Mehta SR, Bassand JP, et al. Dose comparisons of clopidogrel and aspirin in acute coronary syndromes. NEJM. 2010;363:930.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. •• Levine GN, Bates ER, Bittl JA, et al. 2016 ACC/AHA guideline focused update on duration of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. JACC, 2016: 1–57. Essential reading on the updated recommendations for DAPT and brief overview of the studies that lead to these changed recommendations.

  6. Bertrand ME, Rupprecht HJ, Urban P, et al. CLASSICS investigators. Double-blind study of the safety of clopidogrel with and without a loading dose in combination with aspirin compared with ticlopidine in combination with aspirin after coronary stenting: the clopidogrel aspirin stent international cooperative study (CLASSICS). Circulation. 2000;102:624–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Sabatine MS, Cannon CP, Gibson CM, et al. Addition of clopidogrel to aspirin and fibrinolytic therapy for myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation. NEJM. 2005;352:1179–89.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Chen ZM, Jiang LX, Chen YP, COMMIT (Clopidogrel and Metoprolol in Myocardial Infarction Trial) Collaborative Group, et al. Addition of clopidogrel to aspirin in 45,852 patients with acute myocardial infarction: randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366:1607–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. • Angiolillo DJ, Fernandez-Ortiz A, Bernardo E, et al. Variability in individual responsiveness to clopidogrel. JACC. 2007;49:1505–16. Thorough discussion on factors that affect clopidogrel’s variability.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Mega JL, Close SL, Wiviott SD, et al. Cytochrome P-450 polymorphisms and response to clopidogrel. NEJM. 2009;360:354–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Brandt JT, Payne CD, Wiviott SD, et al. A comparison of prasugrel and clopidogrel loading doses on platelet function: magnitude of platelet inhibition is related to active metabolite formation. Am Heart J. 2007;153:e9–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:2001–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Montalescot G, Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, et al. Prasugrel compared with clopidogrel in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for ST- elevation myocardial infarction (TRITON-TIMI 38): double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;373:723–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Sakhuja R, Yeh RW, Bhatt DL. Antiplatelet agents in acute coronary syndromes. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2010;35:123–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Husted S, Emanuelsson H, Heptinstall S, et al. Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and safety of the oral reversible P2Y12 antagonist AZD6140 with aspirin in patients with atherosclerosis: a double-blind comparison to clopidogrel with aspirin. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:1038–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. • Wallentin L, Becker RC, Budaj A, Cannon CP, et al. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. NEJM. 2009;361:1045–57. Pivotal study comparing ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with ACS.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. • Steg PG, James S, Harrington RA. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes intended for reperfusion with primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation. 2010;122:2131–41. Pivotal substudy of PLATO, evaluating ticagrelor in patients with STEMI.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Schomig A. Ticagrelor—is there need for a new player in the antiplatelet-therapy filed? NEJM. 2009;361:1108–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. • Cattaneo M, Schulz R, Nylander S. Adenosine-mediated effects of ticagrelor. JACC. 2014;63:2503–9. Evaluates clinical and experimental evidence of ticagrelor’s impact on adenosine levels and its relation to efficacy and adverse events.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Andell P, James SK, Cannon CP, et al. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an analysis from the platelet inhibition and patient outcomes (PLATO) trial. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015;4(10):e002490. doi:10.1161/JAHA.115.002490.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Angiolillo DJ, Schneider DJ, Bhatt DL, et al. Pharmacodynamic effects of cangrelor and clopidogrel: the platelet function substudy from the Cangrelor versus Standard Therapy to Achieve Optimal Management of Platelet Inhibition (CHAMPION) tirals. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2012;34:44–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Bhatt DL, Stone GW, Mahaffey KW, et al. Effect of platelet inhibition with cangrelor during PCI on ischemic events. NEJM. 2014;368(14):1303–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. White HD, Bhatt DL, Gibson CM, et al. Outcomes with cangrelor versus clopidogrel on a background of bivalirdudin. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2015;8(3):424–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Angiolillo DJ, Firstenberg MS, Price MJ, et al. BRIDGE investigators FT. Bridging antiplatelet therapy with cangrelor in patients undergoing cardiac surgery a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2012;307930:265–74.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Parodi G, Valenti R, Bellandi B, et al. Comparison of prasugrel and ticagrelor loading doses in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients. RAPID primary PCI study. JACC. 2013;61:1601–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Angiolillo DJ, Curzen N, Gurbel P, et al. Pharmacodynamics evaluation of switching from ticagrelor to prasugrel in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Results of the SWAP-2 study. JACC. 2014;63:1500–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Faz GT, Rollini F, Franchi F, et al. Pharmacodynamic effects of switching from prasugrel to ticagrelor: results of the prospective, randomized SWAP (Switching Anti Platelet)-3 study. J am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(13 S):215–5. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(16)30216-9.

  28. Schulz S, Angiolillo DJ, Antoniucci D, et al. Randomized comparison of ticagrelor versus prasugrel in patients with acute coronary syndrome and planned invasive strategy—design and rationale of the intracoronary stenting and antithrombotic regimen: rapid early action for coronary treatment (ISAR-REACT) 5 trial. J Cardiovasc Trans Res. 2014;7:91–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. • Sibbing D, Kastrati A, Berger PB. Pre-treatment with P2Y12 inhibitors in ACS patients: who, when, why, and which agent? Eur Heart J. 2016;37:1284–95. Clinical review of evidence regarding pre-treatment of dual-antiplatelet therapy.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Steinhubl SR, Berger PB, Mann JT, et al. Early and sustained dual oral antiplatelet therapy following percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288(19):2411–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Bellemain-Appaix A, O’Connor SA, Silvain J, et al. Association of clopidogrel pretreatment with mortality, cardiovascular events, and major bleeding among patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. JAMA. 2012;308(23):2507–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Montalescot G, Hof AW, Lapostolle F, et al. Prehospital ticagrelor in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. NEJM. 2014;371:1016–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Montalescot G, Hof AW, Bolognese L, et al. Effect of pre-hospital ticagrelor during the first 24 hours after primary PCI in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. The ATLANTIC-H24 analysis. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2016;9(7):646–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. McDaniel M. Pre-hospital ticagrelor in STEMI? J Am Coll Cardiol Intv. 2016;9(7):657–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Zafar MU, Farkouh ME, Fuster V, et al. Crushed clopidogrel administered via nasogastric tube has faster and greater absorption than oral whole tablets. J Interv Cardiol. 2009;22:385–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Parodi G, Xanthopoulou I, Bellandi B, et al. Ticagrelor crushed tablets administration in STEMI patients. The Mojito Study. JACC. 2015;65(5):511–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Rollini F, Franchi F, Hu J, et al. Crushed prasugrel tablets in patients with STEMI undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. The CRUSH Study. JACC. 2016;67:1994–2004.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. • Mauri L, Kereiakes DJ, Yeh RW, et al. Twelve or 30 months of dual antiplatelet therapy after drug-eluting stents. NEJM. 2014;371:2155–66. The DAPT study, an important trial on prolonged DAPT therapy which influenced the updated guidelines.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Yeh RW, Kereiakes DJ, Steg PG, et al. Benefits and risks of extended duration dual antiplatelet therapy after PCI in patients with and without acute myocardial infarction. JACC. 2015;65:2211–21.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. • Yeh RW, Secemsky EA, Kereiakes DJ, et al. Development and validation of a prediction rule for benefit and harm of dual antiplatelet therapy beyond 1 year after percutaneous coronary intervention. JAMA. 2016;315(16):1735–49. Important reading on understanding the DAPT score.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Kereiakes DJ, Yeh RW, Massaro JM, et al. DAPT score utility for risk prediction in patients with or without previous myocardial infarction. JACC. 2016;67:2492–502.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. • Bonaca MP, Bhatt DL, Cohen M, et al. Long-term use of ticagrelor in patients with prior myocardial infarction. NEJM. 2015;372:1791–800. Another important trial (PEGASUS) which evaluated prolonged DAPT therapy.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Bernat I, Horak D, Stasek J, et al. ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated by radial or femoral approach in a multicenter randomized clinical trial: the STEMI-RADIAL trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:964–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Romagnoli E, Biondi-Zoccai G, Sciahbasi A, et al. Radial versus femoral randomized Investigation in ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome: the RIFLE-STEACS (Radial Versus Femoral Randomized Investigation in ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(24):2481–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Mehta SR, Jolly SS, Cairns J, et al. Effects of radial versus femoral artery access in patients with acute coronary syndromes with or without ST-segment elevation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(24):2490–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Shahzad A, Kemp I, Mars C, HEAT-PPCI trial investigators, et al. Unfractionated heparin versus bivalirudin in primary percutaneous coronary intervention (HEAT-PPCI): an open-label, single centre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2014;384(9957):1849–58.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Steg PG, van’t Hof A, Hamm CW, EUROMAX Investigators, et al. Bivalirudin started during emergency transport for primary PCI. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(23):2207–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Han Y, Guo J, Zheng Y, et al. Bivalirudin vs heparin with or without tirofiban during primary percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction: the BRIGHT randomized clinical trial. Jama. 2015;313(13):1336–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Collet JP, Silvain J, Landivier A, et al. Dose effect of clopidogrel reloading in patients already on 75-mg maintenance dose. The reload with clopidogrel before coronary angioplasty in subjects treated long term with dual antiplatelet therapy (RELOAD) study. Circulation. 2008;118:1225–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Tello-Montoliu A, Tomasello SD, Ferreiro JL, et al. Pharmacodynamic effects of prasugrel dosing regimens in patients on maintenance prasugrel therapy. JACC. 2012;59:1681–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Cho JR, Rollini F, Franchi F, et al. Pharmacodynamic effects of ticagrelor dosing regimens in patients on maintenance ticagrelor therapy: results from a prospective, randomized, double-blind Investigation. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2015 Jul;8(8):1075–83.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rahul Sakhuja MD MPP MSc.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

Abhishek Sinha and Kush Agrawal are primary co-authors.

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Coronary Artery Disease

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sinha, A., Agrawal, K. & Sakhuja, R. Optimization of Antiplatelet Therapy in STEMI. Curr Treat Options Cardio Med 19, 65 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11936-017-0562-2

Download citation

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11936-017-0562-2

Keywords

Navigation