Skip to main content
Log in

Stent Thrombosis: Understanding and Managing a Critical Problem

  • Coronary Artery Disease (PH Stone, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Opinion statement

Coronary artery stent thrombosis (ST), defined as the thrombotic occlusion of a stented segment, is an infrequent but serious complication of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The clinical consequences of ST are severe, because acute stent occlusion results in myocardial infarction and death in up to 45% of cases. Specific patient and procedural characteristics increase the risk of ST, but optimized interventional techniques and antiplatelet therapies have the potential to decrease ST and improve cardiovascular outcomes following PCI.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Figure 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References and Recommended Reading

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance

  1. Croce K, Libby P. Intertwining of thrombosis and inflammation in atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Hematol. 2007;14:55–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Asahara T, Murohara T, Sullivan A, et al. Isolation of putative progenitor endothelial cells for angiogenesis. Science. 1997;275:964–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Liu HT, Li F, Wang WY, et al. Rapamycin inhibits re-endothelialization after percutaneous coronary intervention by impeding the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells and inducing apoptosis of endothelial progenitor cells. Tex Heart Inst J. 2010;37:194–201.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Finn AV, Joner M, Nakazawa G, et al. Pathological correlates of late drug-eluting stent thrombosis: strut coverage as a marker of endothelialization. Circulation. 2007;115:2435–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Finn AV, Nakazawa G, Joner M, et al. Vascular responses to drug eluting stents: importance of delayed healing. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2007;27:1500–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Joner M, Finn AV, Farb A, et al. Pathology of drug-eluting stents in humans: delayed healing and late thrombotic risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:193–202.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Nakazawa G, Finn AV, Joner M, et al. Delayed arterial healing and increased late stent thrombosis at culprit sites after drug-eluting stent placement for acute myocardial infarction patients: an autopsy study. Circulation. 2008;118:1138–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Bennett MR. In-stent stenosis: pathology and implications for the development of drug eluting stents. Heart. 2003;89:218–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Fuke S, Maekawa K, Kawamoto K, et al. Impaired endothelial vasomotor function after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation. Circ J. 2007;71:220–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Shin DI, Kim PJ, Seung KB, et al. Drug-eluting stent implantation could be associated with long-term coronary endothelial dysfunction. Int Heart J. 2007;48:553–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Maekawa K, Kawamoto K, Fuke S, et al. Images in cardiovascular medicine. Severe endothelial dysfunction after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation. Circulation. 2006;113:e850–1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Togni M, Windecker S, Cocchia R, et al. Sirolimus-eluting stents associated with paradoxic coronary vasoconstriction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:231–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Pallero MA, Talbert Roden M, Chen YF, et al. Stainless steel ions stimulate increased thrombospondin-1-dependent TGF-beta activation by vascular smooth muscle cells: implications for in-stent restenosis. J Vasc Res. 2010;47:309–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Nebeker JR, Virmani R, Bennett CL, et al. Hypersensitivity cases associated with drug-eluting coronary stents: a review of available cases from the Research on Adverse Drug Events and Reports (RADAR) project. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:175–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Virmani R, Guagliumi G, Farb A, et al. Localized hypersensitivity and late coronary thrombosis secondary to a sirolimus-eluting stent: should we be cautious? Circulation. 2004;109:701–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Nakazawa G, Finn AV, Vorpahl M, et al. Coronary responses and differential mechanisms of late stent thrombosis attributed to first-generation sirolimus- and paclitaxel-eluting stents. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57:390–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Kolandaivelu K, Swaminathan R, Gibson WJ, et al. Stent thrombogenicity early in high-risk interventional settings is driven by stent design and deployment and protected by polymer-drug coatings. Circulation. 2011. This study demonstrates that stent design influences stent thrombogenicity.

  18. Hofma SH, van der Giessen WJ, van Dalen BM, et al. Indication of long-term endothelial dysfunction after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:166–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Thanyasiri P, Kathir K, Celermajer DS, Adams MR. Endothelial dysfunction and restenosis following percutaneous coronary intervention. Int J Cardiol. 2007;119:362–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Jaffe R, Strauss BH. Late and very late thrombosis of drug-eluting stents: evolving concepts and perspectives. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:119–27.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Holmes Jr DR, Kereiakes DJ, Garg S, et al. Stent thrombosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56:1357–65.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Furman MI, Barnard MR, Krueger LA, et al. Circulating monocyte-platelet aggregates are an early marker of acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38:1002–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Moreno R, Fernandez C, Hernandez R, et al. Drug-eluting stent thrombosis: results from a pooled analysis including 10 randomized studies. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:954–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Finn AV, Kolodgie FD, Harnek J, et al. Differential response of delayed healing and persistent inflammation at sites of overlapping sirolimus- or paclitaxel-eluting stents. Circulation. 2005;112:270–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Park KW, Hwang SJ, Kwon DA, et al. Characteristics and predictors of drug-eluting stent thrombosis. Circ J. 2011.

  26. Dangas GD, Caixeta A, Mehran R, et al. Frequency and predictors of stent thrombosis after percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2011;123:1745–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Baran KW, Lasala JM, Cox DA, et al. A clinical risk score for prediction of stent thrombosis. Am J Cardiol. 2008;102:541–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Urban P, Abizaid A, Banning A, et al. Stent thrombosis and bleeding complications after implantation of sirolimus-eluting coronary stents in an unselected worldwide population a report from the e-SELECT (Multi-Center Post-Market Surveillance) registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57:1445–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Huczek Z, Filipiak KJ, Kochman J, et al. Baseline platelet size is increased in patients with acute coronary syndromes developing early stent thrombosis and predicts future residual platelet reactivity. A case–control study. Thromb Res. 2010;125:406–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Alfonso F, Suarez A, Angiolillo DJ, et al. Findings of intravascular ultrasound during acute stent thrombosis. Heart. 2004;90:1455–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Radu M, Jorgensen E, Kelbaek H, et al. Optical coherence tomography at follow-up after percutaneous coronary intervention: relationship between procedural dissections, stent strut malapposition and stent healing. EuroIntervention. 2011;7:353–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Cutlip DE, Windecker S, Mehran R, et al. Clinical end points in coronary stent trials: a case for standardized definitions. Circulation. 2007;115:2344–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Garg P, Mauri L. The conundrum of late and very late stent thrombosis following drug-eluting stent implantation. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2007;22:565–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Bavry AA, Kumbhani DJ, Helton TJ, Bhatt DL. Risk of thrombosis with the use of sirolimus-eluting stents for percutaneous coronary intervention (from registry and clinical trial data). Am J Cardiol. 2005;95:1469–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Bavry AA, Kumbhani DJ, Helton TJ, Bhatt DL. What is the risk of stent thrombosis associated with the use of paclitaxel-eluting stents for percutaneous coronary intervention?: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:941–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Stettler C, Wandel S, Allemann S, et al. Outcomes associated with drug-eluting and bare-metal stents: a collaborative network meta-analysis. Lancet. 2007;370:937–48.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Mauri L, Hsieh WH, Massaro JM, et al. Stent thrombosis in randomized clinical trials of drug-eluting stents. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:1020–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Stone GW, Moses JW, Ellis SG, et al. Safety and efficacy of sirolimus- and paclitaxel-eluting coronary stents. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:998–1008.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Ong AT, Hoye A, Aoki J, et al. Thirty-day incidence and six-month clinical outcome of thrombotic stent occlusion after bare-metal, sirolimus, or paclitaxel stent implantation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:947–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Ong AT, Serruys PW, Aoki J, et al. The unrestricted use of paclitaxel- versus sirolimus-eluting stents for coronary artery disease in an unselected population: one-year results of the Taxus-Stent Evaluated at Rotterdam Cardiology Hospital (T-SEARCH) registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:1135–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Urban P, Gershlick AH, Guagliumi G, et al. Safety of coronary sirolimus-eluting stents in daily clinical practice: one-year follow-up of the e-Cypher registry. Circulation. 2006;113:1434–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Williams DO, Abbott JD, Kip KE. Outcomes of 6906 patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention in the era of drug-eluting stents: report of the DEScover Registry. Circulation. 2006;114:2154–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Brodie B, Pokharel Y, Fleishman N, et al. Very late stent thrombosis after primary percutaneous coronary intervention with bare-metal and drug-eluting stents for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a 15-year single-center experience. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2011;4:30–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Vink MA, Dirksen MT, Suttorp MJ, et al. 5-year follow-up after primary percutaneous coronary intervention with a paclitaxel-eluting stent versus a bare-metal stent in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a follow-up study of the PASSION (Paclitaxel-Eluting Versus Conventional Stent in Myocardial Infarction with ST-Segment Elevation) trial. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2011;4:24–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Lagerqvist B, Carlsson J, Frobert O, et al. Stent thrombosis in Sweden: a report from the Swedish Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty Registry. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2009;2:401–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Kuchulakanti PK, Chu WW, Torguson R, et al. Correlates and long-term outcomes of angiographically proven stent thrombosis with sirolimus- and paclitaxel-eluting stents. Circulation. 2006;113:1108–13.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Cutlip DE, Baim DS, Ho KK, et al. Stent thrombosis in the modern era: a pooled analysis of multicenter coronary stent clinical trials. Circulation. 2001;103:1967–71.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Lemesle G, de Labriolle A, Bonello L, et al. Impact of thrombus aspiration use for the treatment of stent thrombosis on early patient outcomes. J Invasive Cardiol. 2009;21:210–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Iakovou I, Schmidt T, Bonizzoni E, et al. Incidence, predictors, and outcome of thrombosis after successful implantation of drug-eluting stents. JAMA. 2005;293:2126–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. van Werkum JW, Heestermans AA, de Korte FI, et al. Long-term clinical outcome after a first angiographically confirmed coronary stent thrombosis: an analysis of 431 cases. Circulation. 2009;119:828–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Roukoz H, Bavry AA, Sarkees ML, et al. Comprehensive meta-analysis on drug-eluting stents versus bare-metal stents during extended follow-up. Am J Med. 2009;122:581 e1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Baran KW, Lasala JM, Cox DA, et al. A clinical risk score for the prediction of very late stent thrombosis in drug eluting stent patients. EuroIntervention. 2011;6:949–54.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Porto I, Burzotta F, Parma A, et al. Angiographic predictors of recurrent stent thrombosis (from the Outcome of PCI for stent-ThrombosIs MultIcentre STudy [OPTIMIST]). Am J Cardiol. 2010;105:1710–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Colombo A, Hall P, Nakamura S, et al. Intracoronary stenting without anticoagulation accomplished with intravascular ultrasound guidance. Circulation. 1995;91:1676–88.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. De Servi S, Repetto S, Klugmann S, et al. Stent thrombosis: incidence and related factors in the R.I.S.E. Registry(Registro Impianto Stent Endocoronarico). Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions. 1999;46:13–8.

  56. Goods CM, Al-Shaibi KF, Yadav SS, et al. Utilization of the coronary balloon-expandable coil stent without anticoagulation or intravascular ultrasound. Circulation. 1996;93:1803–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Roy P, Steinberg DH, Sushinsky SJ, et al. The potential clinical utility of intravascular ultrasound guidance in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stents. Eur Heart J. 2008;29:1851–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. de Jaegere P, Mudra H, Figulla H, et al. Intravascular ultrasound-guided optimized stent deployment. Immediate and 6 months clinical and angiographic results from the Multicenter Ultrasound Stenting in Coronaries Study (MUSIC Study). Eur Heart J. 1998;19:1214–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Fitzgerald PJ, Oshima A, Hayase M, et al. Final results of the Can Routine Ultrasound Influence Stent Expansion (CRUISE) study. Circulation. 2000;102:523–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Schiele F, Meneveau N, Vuillemenot A, et al. Impact of intravascular ultrasound guidance in stent deployment on 6-month restenosis rate: a multicenter, randomized study comparing two strategies–with and without intravascular ultrasound guidance. RESIST Study Group. REStenosis after Ivus guided STenting. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;32:320–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Mudra H, di Mario C, de Jaegere P, et al. Randomized comparison of coronary stent implantation under ultrasound or angiographic guidance to reduce stent restenosis (OPTICUS Study). Circulation. 2001;104:1343–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Russo RJ, Silva PD, Teirstein PS, et al. A randomized controlled trial of angiography versus intravascular ultrasound-directed bare-metal coronary stent placement (the AVID Trial). Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2009;2:113–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Serruys PW, Strauss BH, Beatt KJ, et al. Angiographic follow-up after placement of a self-expanding coronary-artery stent. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:13–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Leon MB, Baim DS, Popma JJ, et al. A clinical trial comparing three antithrombotic-drug regimens after coronary-artery stenting. Stent Anticoagulation Restenosis Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1665–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Kushner FG, Hand M, Smith Jr SC, et al. 2009 focused updates: ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (updating the 2004 guideline and 2007 focused update) and ACC/AHA/SCAI guidelines on percutaneous coronary intervention (updating the 2005 guideline and 2007 focused update) a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:2205–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Wright RS, Anderson JL, Adams CD, et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines developed in collaboration with the American Academy of Family Physicians, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57:e215–367.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. King 3rd SB, Smith Jr SC, Hirshfeld Jr JW, et al. 2007 focused update of the ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 guideline update for percutaneous coronary intervention: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: 2007 Writing Group to Review New Evidence and Update the ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 Guideline Update for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention, Writing on Behalf of the 2005 Writing Committee. Circulation. 2008;117:261–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Mehta SR, Yusuf S, Peters RJ, et al. Effects of pretreatment with clopidogrel and aspirin followed by long-term therapy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: the PCI-CURE study. Lancet. 2001;358:527–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Steinhubl SR, Berger PB, Mann 3rd JT, et al. Early and sustained dual oral antiplatelet therapy following percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288:2411–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Feres F. Optimized duration of clopidogrel therapy following treatment with the endeavor zotarolimus - eluting stent in the real world clinical practice—optimize trial (OPTIMIZE). Available at http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01113372. Accessed 05/03/2011.

  71. Byrne RA, Schulz S, Mehilli J, et al. Rationale and design of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 6 versus 12 months clopidogrel therapy after implantation of a drug-eluting stent: the intracoronary stenting and antithrombotic regimen: safety and efficacy of 6 months dual antiplatelet therapy after drug-eluting stenting (ISAR-SAFE) study. Am Heart J. 2009;157:620–4 e2.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Mauri L, Kereiakes D. The Dual Antiplatelet Therapy Study (DAPT Study). Available at http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00977938. Accessed 03/23/2010.

  73. Angiolillo DJ. Variability in responsiveness to oral antiplatelet therapy. Am J Cardiol. 2009;103:27A–34A.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Mega JL, Close SL, Wiviott SD, et al. Cytochrome p-450 polymorphisms and response to clopidogrel. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:354–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Brar S, Patti G, Price MJ, et al. Impact of platelet reactivity on clinical outcomes: a meta-analysis. JACC. March 9, 2010;55.

  76. Price MJ, Endemann S, Gollapudi RR, et al. Prognostic significance of post-clopidogrel platelet reactivity assessed by a point-of-care assay on thrombotic events after drug-eluting stent implantation. Eur Heart J. 2008;29:992–1000.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Marcucci R, Gori AM, Paniccia R, et al. Cardiovascular death and nonfatal myocardial infarction in acute coronary syndrome patients receiving coronary stenting are predicted by residual platelet reactivity to ADP detected by a point-of-care assay: a 12-month follow-up. Circulation. 2009;119:237–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Buonamici P, Marcucci R, Migliorini A, et al. Impact of platelet reactivity after clopidogrel administration on drug-eluting stent thrombosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:2312–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Cuisset T, Frere C, Quilici J, et al. High post-treatment platelet reactivity identified low-responders to dual antiplatelet therapy at increased risk of recurrent cardiovascular events after stenting for acute coronary syndrome. J Thromb Haemost. 2006;4:542–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Hochholzer W, Trenk D, Fromm MF, et al. Impact of cytochrome P450 2C19 loss-of-function polymorphism and of major demographic characteristics on residual platelet function after loading and maintenance treatment with clopidogrel in patients undergoing elective coronary stent placement. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:2427–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Mega JL, Close SL, Wiviott SD, et al. Cytochrome P450 genetic polymorphisms and the response to prasugrel: relationship to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and clinical outcomes. Circulation. 2009;119:2553–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Tantry US, Bliden KP, Wei C, et al. First analysis of the relation between CYP2C19 genotype and pharmacodynamics in patients treated with ticagrelor versus clopidogrel: the ONSET/OFFSET and RESPOND genotype studies. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2010;3:556–66.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Brandt JT, Payne CD, Wiviott SD, et al. A comparison of prasugrel and clopidogrel loading doses on platelet function: magnitude of platelet inhibition is related to active metabolite formation. Am Heart J. 2007;153:66 e9–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Storey RF, Angiolillo DJ, Patil SB, et al. Inhibitory effects of ticagrelor compared with clopidogrel on platelet function in patients with acute coronary syndromes: the PLATO (PLATelet inhibition and patient Outcomes) PLATELET substudy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56:1456–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:2001–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Wallentin L, Becker RC, Budaj A, et al. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1045–57.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Collet JP, Hulot JS, Anzaha G, et al. High doses of clopidogrel to overcome genetic resistance: the randomized crossover CLOVIS-2 (Clopidogrel and Response Variability Investigation Study 2). JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2011;4:392–402.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Cuisset T, Frere C, Quilici J, et al. Benefit of a 600-mg loading dose of clopidogrel on platelet reactivity and clinical outcomes in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome undergoing coronary stenting. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:1339–45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Patti G, Colonna G, Pasceri V, et al. Randomized trial of high loading dose of clopidogrel for reduction of periprocedural myocardial infarction in patients undergoing coronary intervention. Results from the ARMYDA-2 (Antiplatelet therapy for Reduction of MYocardial Damage during Angioplasty) Study. Circulation. 2005,

  90. Mehta SR, Tanguay JF, Eikelboom JW, et al. Double-dose versus standard-dose clopidogrel and high-dose versus low-dose aspirin in individuals undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndromes (CURRENT-OASIS 7): a randomised factorial trial. Lancet. 2010;376:1233–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Marchini J, Morrow D, Resnic F, et al. An algorithm for use of prasugrel (effient) in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization and percutaneous coronary intervention. Crit Pathw Cardiol. 2010;9:192–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Angiolillo DJ, Saucedo JF, Deraad R, et al. Increased platelet inhibition after switching from maintenance clopidogrel to prasugrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes: results of the SWAP (SWitching Anti Platelet) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56:1017–23.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Bonello L, Armero S, Ait Mokhtar O, et al. Clopidogrel loading dose adjustment according to platelet reactivity monitoring in patients carrying the 2C19*2 loss of function polymorphism. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56:1630–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Brar S, Patti G, Price MJ, et al. Impact of platelet reactivity on clinical outcomes: a patient level meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:A179.E1673.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Breet NJ, van Werkum JW, Bouman HJ, et al. Comparison of platelet function tests in predicting clinical outcome in patients undergoing coronary stent implantation. JAMA. 2010;303:754–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Price MJ, Berger PB, Teirstein PS, et al. Standard- vs high-dose clopidogrel based on platelet function testing after percutaneous coronary intervention: the GRAVITAS randomized trial. JAMA. 2011;305:1097–105.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Patti G, Nusca A, Mangiacapra F, et al. Point-of-care measurement of clopidogrel responsiveness predicts clinical outcome in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention results of the ARMYDA-PRO (Antiplatelet therapy for Reduction of MYocardial Damage during Angioplasty-Platelet Reactivity Predicts Outcome) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:1128–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Casserly IP, Hasdai D, Berger PB, et al. Usefulness of abciximab for treatment of early coronary artery stent thrombosis. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82:981–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Hasdai D, Garratt KN, Holmes Jr DR, et al. Coronary angioplasty and intracoronary thrombolysis are of limited efficacy in resolving early intracoronary stent thrombosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;28:361–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Jeong YH, Hwang JY, Kim IS, et al. Adding cilostazol to dual antiplatelet therapy achieves greater platelet inhibition than high maintenance dose clopidogrel in patients with acute myocardial infarction: results of the adjunctive cilostazol versus high maintenance dose clopidogrel in patients with AMI (ACCEL-AMI) study. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2010;3:17–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Rinfret S, Cutlip DE, Katsiyiannis PT, et al. Rheolytic thrombectomy and platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade for stent thrombosis. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2002;57:24–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Vlaar PJ, Svilaas T, van der Horst IC, et al. Cardiac death and reinfarction after 1 year in the Thrombus Aspiration during Percutaneous coronary intervention in Acute myocardial infarction Study (TAPAS): a 1-year follow-up study. Lancet. 2008;371:1915–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Oemrawsingh PV, Mintz GS, Schalij MJ, et al. Intravascular ultrasound guidance improves angiographic and clinical outcome of stent implantation for long coronary artery stenoses: final results of a randomized comparison with angiographic guidance (TULIP Study). Circulation. 2003;107:62–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Cheneau E, Leborgne L, Mintz GS, et al. Predictors of subacute stent thrombosis: results of a systematic intravascular ultrasound study. Circulation. 2003;108:43–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. McCann A, MacIsaac A, Whitbourn RJ. Late drug-eluting stent thrombosis: importance of intravascular ultrasound. Cardiovasc Revasc Med. 2010;11:52–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Tada N, Virmani R, Grant G, et al. Polymer-free biolimus a9-coated stent demonstrates more sustained intimal inhibition, improved healing, and reduced inflammation compared with a polymer-coated sirolimus-eluting cypher stent in a porcine model. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2010;3:174–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Windecker S, Serruys PW, Wandel S, et al. Biolimus-eluting stent with biodegradable polymer versus sirolimus-eluting stent with durable polymer for coronary revascularisation (LEADERS): a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2008;372:1163–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Serruys PW, Ormiston JA, Onuma Y, et al. A bioabsorbable everolimus-eluting coronary stent system (ABSORB): 2-year outcomes and results from multiple imaging methods. Lancet. 2009;373:897–910.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported in part by a Jorge Paulo Lemann Cardiovascular grant to J.M., a grant from Capes Foundation–Ministry of Education of Brazil to A.M., a grant from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute to K.C. (1K08HL086672), and a Harris Family Foundation Award to K.C.

Disclosure

J. Marchini: none; A. Manica: none; K. Croce reports receiving honoraria, lecture fees, or consulting fees from Eli Lilly Co., Daiichi-Sankyo, and St. Jude Medical, and research support from The Gilead Pharmaceuticals Science Foundation.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kevin Croce MD, PhD.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Marchini, J.F., Manica, A. & Croce, K. Stent Thrombosis: Understanding and Managing a Critical Problem. Curr Treat Options Cardio Med 14, 91–107 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11936-011-0155-4

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11936-011-0155-4

Keywords

Navigation