Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

The Hidden Curriculum: Strategies for Preparing Residents for Practice

  • Education (G Badalato, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Urology Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of Review

The goal of this paper was to identify areas of importance in modern urology education that are not currently emphasized in current urological curricula.

Recent Findings

We identified curricular deficits in robotic surgical simulation, transgender health, leadership, business management, and social media training. Few practicing urologists feel comfortable managing transgender-specific needs, and most training programs do not adequately address transgender health. Urology programs also do not sufficiently emphasize topics in leadership, business management, or appropriate social media usage. With respect to simulation, while it is currently included in the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) program requirements, it is currently under-utilized for training in robotic surgery.

Summary

It is important for urologists to receive adequate training for the modern practice landscape. Where knowledge gaps among early practicing urologists arise, programs should adapt their curricula to address them.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. ACGME. Program Requirements for Graduate Medical Education in Urology. 2019. https://www.acgme.org/Portals/0/PFAssets/ProgramRequirements/480UrologyCore2019.pdf?ver=2018-06-29-145843-817/. Accessed 02/15/20.

  2. The Urology Milestone Project. The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education and The American Board of Urology. 2016. https://www.acgme.org/Portals/0/PDFs/Milestones/UrologyMilestones.pdf. Accessed 02/15/20.

  3. • MacCraith E, Forde JC, Davis NF. Robotic simulation training for urological trainees: a comprehensive review on cost, merits and challenges. J Robot Surg. 2019;13(3):371–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11701-019-00934-1This is a good review article comparing the current modes of urologic simulation platforms. It compares cost effectiveness, learning curves, and validation of each platform.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Childs BS, Manganiello MD, Korets R. Novel education and simulation tools in urologic training. Curr Urol Rep. 2019;20(12):81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11934-019-0947-8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Pal RP, Koupparis AJ. Expanding the indications of robotic surgery in urology: a systematic review of the literature. Arab J Urol. 2018;16(3):270–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aju.2018.05.005.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Yu HY, Hevelone ND, Lipsitz SR, Kowalczyk KJ, Hu JC. Use, costs and comparative effectiveness of robotic assisted, laparoscopic and open urological surgery. J Urol. 2012;187(4):1392–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2011.11.089.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Mazzone E, Mistretta FA, Knipper S, Tian Z, Larcher A, Widmer H, et al. Contemporary national assessment of robot-assisted surgery rates and total hospital charges for major surgical uro-oncological procedures in the United States. J Endourol. 2019;33(6):438–47. https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2018.0840.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Collins JW, Levy J, Stefanidis D, Gallagher A, Coleman M, Cecil T, et al. Utilising the Delphi process to develop a proficiency-based progression train-the-trainer course for robotic surgery training. Eur Urol. 2019;75(5):775–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2018.12.044.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Okhunov Z, Safiullah S, Patel R, Juncal S, Garland H, Khajeh NR, et al. Evaluation of urology residency training and perceived resident abilities in the United States. J Surg Educ. 2019;76(4):936–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2019.02.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Amirian MJLS, Trabuls EJ. Surgical suturing training with virtual reality simulation versus dry lab practice: an evaluation of performance improvement, content, and face validity. J Robot Surg. 2014;8:329–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Whittaker G, Aydin A, Raison N, Kum F, Challacombe B, Khan MS, et al. Validation of the RobotiX mentor robotic surgery simulator. J Endourol. 2016;30(3):338–46. https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2015.0620.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Moglia A, Ferrari V, Morelli L, Ferrari M, Mosca F, Cuschieri A. A systematic review of virtual reality simulators for robot-assisted surgery. Eur Urol. 2016;69(6):1065–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2015.09.021.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Puliatti S, Mazzone E, Dell'Oglio P. Training in robot-assisted surgery. Curr Opin Urol. 2020;30(1):65–72. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOU.0000000000000687.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Schlottmann F, Long JM, Brown S, Patti MG. Low confidence levels with the robotic platform among senior surgical residents: simulation training is needed. J Robot Surg. 2019;13(1):155–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11701-018-0853-y.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Wiener S, Haddock P, Shichman S, Dorin R. Construction of a urologic robotic surgery training curriculum: how many simulator sessions are required for residents to achieve proficiency? J Endourol. 2015;29(11):1289–93. https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2015.0392.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Kamel M, Eltahawy EA, Warford R, Thrush CR, Noureldin YA. Simulation-based training in urology residency programmes in the USA: results of a nationwide survey. Arab J Urol. 2018;16(4):446–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aju.2018.06.003.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. •• Volpe A, Ahmed K, Dasgupta P, Ficarra V, Novara G, van der Poel H, et al. Pilot validation study of the European Association of Urology robotic training curriculum. Eur Urol. 2015;68(2):292–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2014.10.025In this study, a 12-week simulation-based training curriculum was implemented for European urology trainees. Participants were scored based on improvement on dVSS tasks as well as their performance in robotic assisted radical prostatectomy RARP using the GEARS scale. The study found that after that surgical skills significantly increased during the training period.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Goh AC, Goldfarb DW, Sander JC, Miles BJ, Dunkin BJ. Global evaluative assessment of robotic skills: validation of a clinical assessment tool to measure robotic surgical skills. J Urol. 2012;187(1):247–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2011.09.032.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Aghazadeh MA, Mercado MA, Pan MM, Miles BJ, Goh AC. Performance of robotic simulated skills tasks is positively associated with clinical robotic surgical performance. BJU Int. 2016;118(3):475–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/bju.13511.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Chen J, Cheng N, Cacciamani G, Oh P, Lin-Brande M, Remulla D, et al. Objective assessment of robotic surgical technical skill: a systematic review. J Urol. 2019;201(3):461–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2018.06.078.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Crissman HP, Berger MB, Graham LF, Dalton VK. Transgender demographics: a household probability sample of US adults, 2014. Am J Public Health. 2017;107(2):213–5. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303571.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. White Hughto JM, Reisner SL, Pachankis JE. Transgender stigma and health: a critical review of stigma determinants, mechanisms, and interventions. Soc Sci Med. 2015;147:222–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.11.010.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. James SE, Herman JL, Rankin S, Keisling M, Mottet L, Anafi M. The report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey. 2016.

  24. Khan L. Transgender health at the crossroads: legal norms, insurance markets, and the threat of healthcare reform. Yale J Health Policy Law Ethics. 2011;11(2):375–418.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. •• Canner JK, Harfouch O, Kodadek LM, Pelaez D, Coon D, Offodile AC 2nd, et al. Temporal trends in gender-affirming surgery among transgender patients in the United States. JAMA Surg. 2018;153(7):609–16. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2017.6231This descriptive observational study anayzed data from the National Inpatient Sample between 2000 and 2014 for patients undergoing gender-affirming surgery. They primarily measured demographics, type of surgery, and payment method. They found a significant increase in genital surgery during the time frame. Additionally, the study highlighted that while the majority of patients undergoing gender-affirming surgery were classified as self-pay, an increasing number were covered by private and public insurance.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Safer JD, Coleman E, Feldman J, Garofalo R, Hembree W, Radix A, et al. Barriers to healthcare for transgender individuals. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2016;23(2):168–71. https://doi.org/10.1097/MED.0000000000000227.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Coutin A, Wright S, Li C, Fung R. Missed opportunities: are residents prepared to care for transgender patients? A study of family medicine, psychiatry, endocrinology, and urology residents. Can Med Educ J. 2018;9(3):e41–55.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. McPhail D, Rountree-James M, Whetter I. Addressing gaps in physician knowledge regarding transgender health and healthcare through medical education. Can Med Educ J. 2016;7(2):e70–e8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Seelman KL, Colon-Diaz MJP, LeCroix RH, Xavier-Brier M, Kattari L. Transgender noninclusive healthcare and delaying care because of fear: connections to general health and mental health among transgender adults. Transgend Health. 2017;2(1):17–28. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2016.0024.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Bauer GR, Scheim AI, Pyne J, Travers R, Hammond R. Intervenable factors associated with suicide risk in transgender persons: a respondent driven sampling study in Ontario. Canada BMC Public Health. 2015;15:525. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1867-2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Teplitsky S. An assessment of an outpatient urology clinic’s compassion, comfort and knowledge of transgender care. Urology Practice. 2020;7(1):61–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. • Colebunders B, Brondeel S, D'Arpa S, Hoebeke P, Monstrey S. An update on the surgical treatment for transgender patients. Sex Med Rev. 2017;5(1):103-9. Doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sxmr.2016.08.001. This is a good resource highlighting relevant health issues for transgender patients.

  33. Schechter LS. Gender confirmation surgery: an update for the primary care provider. Transgend Health. 2016;1(1):32–40. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2015.0006.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. •• Al-Tamimi M, Pigot GL, Elfering L, Ozer M, de Haseth K, van de Grift TC, et al. Genital gender-affirming surgery in transgender men in the Netherlands from 1989 to 2018: the evolution of surgical care. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2020;145(1):153e-61e. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000006385This retospective analysis examined the temporal trends of gender-affirming surgery at a single institution in the Netherlands between 1989 and 2018. It highlights the continued development of gender-affirming surgerical techniques as well as the increase in case volume over time.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. (AUA) AUA. The State of the Urology Workforce and Practice in the United States 2018. 2019. https://www.auanet.org/Documents/research/census/2018%20The%20State%20of%20the%20Urology%20Workforce%20Census%20Book.pdf. Accessed 02/10/2020.

  36. Morrison SD, Dy GW, Chong HJ, Holt SK, Vedder NB, Sorensen MD, et al. Transgender-related education in plastic surgery and urology residency programs. J Grad Med Educ. 2017;9(2):178–83. https://doi.org/10.4300/JGME-D-16-00417.1.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Surgeons) AASoP. Plastic Surgery Statistics Report. 2017.

  38. Dy GW, Osbun NC, Morrison SD, Grant DW, Merguerian PA. Transgender education study G. exposure to and attitudes regarding transgender education among urology residents. J Sex Med. 2016;13(10):1466–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.07.017.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Park JA, Safer JD. Clinical exposure to transgender medicine improves students' preparedness above levels seen with didactic teaching alone: a key addition to the Boston University model for teaching transgender healthcare. Transgend Health. 2018;3(1):10–6. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2017.0047.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Blumenthal DM, Bernard K, Bohnen J, Bohmer R. Addressing the leadership gap in medicine: residents' need for systematic leadership development training. Acad Med. 2012;87(4):513–22. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0b013e31824a0c47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Gallagher E, Moore A, Schabort I. Leadership training in a family medicine residency program: cross-sectional quantitative survey to inform curriculum development. Can Fam Physician. 2017;63(3):e186–e92.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Sadowski B, Cantrell S, Barelski A, O'Malley PG, Hartzell JD. Leadership training in graduate medical education: a systematic review. J Grad Med Educ. 2018;10(2):134–48. https://doi.org/10.4300/JGME-D-17-00194.1.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Frich JC, Brewster AL, Cherlin EJ, Bradley EH. Leadership development programs for physicians: a systematic review. J Gen Intern Med. 2015;30(5):656–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-014-3141-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Vu JV, Harbaugh CM, De Roo AC, Biesterveld BE, Gauger PG, Dimick JB, et al. Leadership-specific feedback practices in surgical residency: a qualitative study. J Surg Educ. 2020;77(1):45–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2019.08.020.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Cullati S, Bochatay N, Maitre F, Laroche T, Muller-Juge V, Blondon KS, et al. When team conflicts threaten quality of care: a study of health care professionals' experiences and perceptions. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes. 2019;3(1):43–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2018.11.003.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Bochatay N, Bajwa NM, Cullati S, Muller-Juge V, Blondon KS, Junod Perron N, et al. A multilevel analysis of professional conflicts in health care teams: insight for future training. Acad Med. 2017;92(11S Association of American Medical Colleges Learn Serve Lead: Proceedings of the 56th Annual Research in Medical Education Sessions):S84–92. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000001912.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Wolfe AD, Hoang KB, Denniston SF. Teaching conflict resolution in medicine: lessons from business, diplomacy, and theatre. MedEdPORTAL. 2018;14:10672. https://doi.org/10.15766/mep_2374-8265.10672.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Rogers D, Lingard L, Boehler ML, Espin S, Klingensmith M, Mellinger JD, et al. Teaching operating room conflict management to surgeons: clarifying the optimal approach. Med Educ. 2011;45(9):939–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2011.04040.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Moore JM, Wininger DA, Martin B. Leadership for all: an internal medicine residency leadership development program. J Grad Med Educ. 2016;8(4):587–91. https://doi.org/10.4300/JGME-D-15-00615.1.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Lambert JA, Vanderbilt AA, Papadimos TJ. Improved emotional intelligence in perioperative care through simulation-based medical education during anesthesiology residency training: a call for implementation. Adv Med Educ Pract. 2019;10:39–42. https://doi.org/10.2147/AMEP.S164752.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Cherry MG, Fletcher I, O'Sullivan H, Shaw N. What impact do structured educational sessions to increase emotional intelligence have on medical students? BEME Guide No. 17. Med Teach. 2012;34(1):11–9. https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159X.2011.614293.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Vasilopoulos T, Giordano CR, Hagan JD, Fahy BG. Understanding conflict management styles in anesthesiology residents. Anesth Analg. 2018;127(4):1028–34. https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0000000000003432.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Farver CF, Smalling S, Stoller JK. Developing leadership competencies among medical trainees: five-year experience at the Cleveland Clinic with a chief residents' training course. Australas Psychiatry. 2016;24(5):499–505. https://doi.org/10.1177/1039856216632396.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Ovadia SA, Gishen K, Desai U, Garcia AM, Thaller SR. Education on the business of plastic surgery during training: a survey of plastic surgery residents. Aesthet Plast Surg. 2018;42(3):886–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00266-018-1096-z.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Wang JV, Albornoz CA, Hazan E, Keller M, Saedi N. Business administration training for dermatology residents: preparing for the business of medicine. Clin Dermatol. 2019;37(1):78–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2018.09.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. •• Atiemo HBL, Rhee A, Semins MJ, Memo R. Business and practice readiness of early career urologists: an unmet need. Urol Pract. 2020;7(2):109–14 In this study, a 12-question survey was distributed to urology residents, fellows, and recent graduates of a single institution to assess their self-reported business preparedness. Among the 230 responses, 88.3% of respondents were not comfortable planning the business side of their practice, 71% were not aware of AUA business resources, and only 8% were extremely comfortable with contract negotiation.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. •• Zarrabi B, Burce KK, Seal SM, Lifchez SD, Redett RJ, Frick KD, et al. Business education for plastic surgeons: a systematic review, development, and implementation of a business principles curriculum in a residency program. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017;139(5):1263–71. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000003290In this study the authors anonymously surveyed their department for percieved importance of business education and performed a systematic review of the literature on business education. Their results highlight an openness towards the inclusion of business curricula as well as a current paucity of published literature on the topic.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Association AU. Career Learning Center. https://careercenter.auanet.org/jobseekers/resources/blueskyLMS/index.cfm. Accessed 02/01/2020.

  59. Sack BS, Yerkes EB, Van Batavia JP. Uncharted territory: navigating the pediatric urology job market. J Pediatr Urol. 2019;15(2):180–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpurol.2018.12.005.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. McKillip R, Ernst M, Ahn J, Tekian A, Shappell E. Toward a resident personal finance curriculum: quantifying resident financial circumstances, needs, and interests. Cureus. 2018;10(4):e2540. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.2540.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Jennings JD, Quinn C, Ly JA, Rehman S. Orthopaedic surgery resident financial literacy: an assessment of knowledge in debt, investment, and retirement savings. Am Surg. 2019;85(4):353–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Ahmad FA, White AJ, Hiller KM, Amini R, Jeffe DB. An assessment of residents' and fellows' personal finance literacy: an unmet medical education need. Int J Med Educ. 2017;8:192–204. https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.5918.ad11.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. • Loeb S, Carrick T, Frey C, Titus T. Increasing social media use in urology: 2017 American Urological Association survey. Eur Urol Focus. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euf.2019.07.004This study highlights the results of a 2017 survey of American Urological Association members regarding their utilization of social media. It details the most communly used social media platforms by respondents as well as its impact on their practice.

  64. Ovaere S, Zimmerman DDE, Brady RR. Social media in surgical training: opportunities and risks. J Surg Educ. 2018;75(6):1423–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2018.04.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Borgmann H, DeWitt S, Tsaur I, Haferkamp A, Loeb S. Novel survey disseminated through Twitter supports its utility for networking, disseminating research, advocacy, clinical practice and other professional goals. Can Urol Assoc J. 2015;9(9–10):E713–7. https://doi.org/10.5489/cuaj.3014.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Rivas JG, Socarras MR, Patruno G, Uvin P, Esperto F, Dinis PJ, et al. Perceived role of social media in urologic knowledge acquisition among young urologists: a European survey. Eur Urol Focus. 2018;4(5):768–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euf.2016.11.010.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Nason GJ, Kelly P, Kelly ME, Burke MJ, Aslam A, Giri SK, et al. YouTube as an educational tool regarding male urethral catheterization. Scand J Urol. 2015;49(2):189–92. https://doi.org/10.3109/21681805.2014.975837.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Koo K, Ficko Z, Gormley EA. Unprofessional content on Facebook accounts of US urology residency graduates. BJU Int. 2017;119(6):955–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/bju.13846.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Koo K, Bowman MS, Ficko Z, Gormley EA. Older and wiser? Changes in unprofessional content on urologists' social media after transition from residency to practice. BJU Int. 2018;122(2):337–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/bju.14363.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Greysen SR, Chretien KC, Kind T, Young A, Gross CP. Physician violations of online professionalism and disciplinary actions: a national survey of state medical boards. JAMA. 2012;307(11):1141–2. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.330.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Colvin J, French J, Siperstein A, Capizzani TR, Krishnamurthy VD. Addressing professionalism, social, and communication competencies in surgical residency via integrated humanities workshops: a pilot curriculum. J Surg Educ. 2018;75(3):589–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2017.09.035.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 2 Tampa General Circle, Tampa, FL, 33606, USA

    Joseph Balbona

  2. Department of Urology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 2 Tampa General Circle, Tampa, FL, 33606, USA

    Trushar Patel

Authors
  1. Joseph Balbona
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Trushar Patel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Trushar Patel.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Education

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Balbona, J., Patel, T. The Hidden Curriculum: Strategies for Preparing Residents for Practice. Curr Urol Rep 21, 39 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11934-020-00992-1

Download citation

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11934-020-00992-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation