Abstract
Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a disease defined by a constellation of signs and symptoms; its etiology is not well understood. There are multiple theories regarding the cause of IC; however, no one cause has been proven conclusively. In the meantime, physicians are trying to accurately diagnose a disease that has no identified definitive cause. There have been multiple tests designed to aid in the diagnosis of IC and there are new tests on the horizon that appear promising. However, the diagnosis of IC still is one of exclusion and based primarily on clinical findings. The most useful tests are described in this article, which may make diagnosis a more accurate, less arduous process.
Similar content being viewed by others
References and Recommended Reading
Gillenwater JY, Wein AJ: Summary of the National Institute of Arthritis, Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases Workshop on Interstitial Cystitis. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health; August 28–29, 1987. J Urol 1988, 140:203–206. This paper details the development of the NIDDK criteria for IC that is used in most of the clinical trials to define a uniform IC study population.
Hanno PM, Landis JR, Matthews-Cook Y, et al.: The diagnosis of interstitial cystitis revisited: lessons learned from the National Institutes of Health Interstitial Cystitis Database study. J Urol 1999, 161:553–557.
O’Leary MP, Sant GR, Fowler FJ, et al.: The interstitial cystitis symptom index and problem index. Urology 1997, 49:58–63.
Goin JE, Olaleye D, Peters KM, et al.: Psychometric analysis of the University of Wisconsin Interstitial Cystitis Scale: implications for use in randomized clinical trials. J Urol 1998, 159:1085–1090.
Hunner GL: A rare type of bladder ulcer in women: report of cases. Trans Southern Surg Gyn Assoc 1915, 27:247.
Nigro DA, Wein AJ, Foy M, et al.: Associations among cystoscopic and urodynamic findings for women enrolled in the Interstitial Cystitis Data Base (ICDB) study. Urology 1997, 49:86–92.
Waxman JA, Sulak PJ, Kuehl TJ: Cystoscopic findings consistent with interstitial cystitis in normal women undergoing tubal ligation. J Urol 1998, 160:1663–1667. A study that questions the diagnostic specificity of cystoscopic appearance of glomerulations after hydrodistention in diagnosing IC.
Chai TC, Zhang C, Shoenfelt JL, et al.: Bladder stretch alters urinary heparin-binding epidermal growth factor and antiproliferative factor in patients with interstitial cystitis. J Urol 2000, 163:1440–1444.
Theoharides TC, Sant GR, el-Mansoury M, et al.: Activation of bladder mast cells in interstitial cystitis: a light and electron microscopic study. J Urol 1995, 153:629–636.
Parsons CL, Greenberger M, Gabal L, et al.: The role of urinary potassium in the pathogenesis and diagnosis of interstitial cystitis. J Urol 1998, 159:1862–1866. Reviews the use of the intravesical potassium test in the diagnosis of IC.
Chambers GK, Fenster HN, Cripps S, et al.: An assessment of the use of intravesical potassium in the diagnosis of interstitial cystitis. J Urol 1999, 162:699–701.
Monga M, Percival C, Zupkas P: Intravesical ethanol as quantitative measure of bladder hyperpermeability. J Endourol 2001, 15:641–644.
Erickson DR, Herb N, Ordille S, et al.: A new direct test of bladder permeability. J Urol 2000, 164:419–422.
Steinkohl WB, Leach GE: Urodynamic findings in interstitial cystitis. Urology 1989, 34:399–401.
Erickson DR: Urine markers of interstitial cystitis. Urology 2001, 57:15–21.
Erickson DR, Xie SX, Bhavanandan VP, et al.: A comparison of multiple urine markers for interstitial cystitis. J Urol 2002, 167:2461–2469. This study is a prospective comparison of 13 urinary markers for the diagnosis of IC. It showed that urinary APF is the best at discriminating between healthy subjects and patients with IC.
Keay S, Kleinberg M, Zhang CO, et al.: Bladder epithelial cells from patients with interstitial cystitis produce an inhibitor of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor production. J Urol 2000, 164:2112–2218.
Keay S, Zhang CO, Trifillis AL, et al.: Decreased 3H-thymidine incorporation by human bladder epithelial cells following exposure to urine from interstitial cystitis patients. J Urol 1996, 156:2073–2078.
Keay S, Zhang CO, Hise MK, et al.: A diagnostic in vitro urine assay for interstitial cystitis. Urology 1998, 52:974–978.
Keay SK, Zhang C, Shoenfelt J, et al.: Sensitivity and specificity of antiproliferative factor, heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor and epidermal growth factor as urine markers for interstitial cystitis. Urology 2001, 57:9–14. This study determined a high sensitivity and specificity of urinary APF as a diagnostic tool for IC. A large control population was used.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nipkow, L., Chai, T.C. Interstitial cystitis: Modern tools for an accurate diagnosis. Curr Urol Rep 4, 381–384 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11934-003-0012-4
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11934-003-0012-4