Skip to main content
Log in

Training in the aging athlete

  • Published:
Current Sports Medicine Reports

Abstract

The number of healthy older individuals who are active in sports has increased significantly during the past generation. These individuals continue to perform at a high level, although there appears to be a loss in functional capacity that cannot be overcome by training. No accepted theory of aging exists, but older athletes may be limited primarily by the inability to maintain the same volume and intensity of training. Also, older athletes appear to respond more slowly to the same training load than do younger athletes. The principles of training in older athletes are similar to those in young athletes; however, additional days of recovery and cross training may be necessary to prevent orthopedic injuries. Strategies for maintaining exercise intensity, including resistance training, are advisable to prevent sarcopenia and selective loss of type II muscle fibers.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References and Recommended Reading

  1. Cooper KH: Aerobics. Garden City, NJ: Ballentine Books; 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  2. White P: The pulse after a marathon race. JAMA 1918, 71:1047–1048.

    Google Scholar 

  3. White P: Bradycardia (below rate of 40) in athletes, especially long distance runners. JAMA 1942, 120:642.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Thompson PD: Historical concepts of the athlete’s heart. Med Sci Sports Exer 2004, 36:363–370.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Waller BF, Roberts WC: Sudden death while running in conditioned runners aged 40 years or over. Am J Cardiol 1980, 45:1292–1300.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Siscovick DS, Weiss NS, Fletcher RH, Lasky T: The incidence of primary cardiac arrest during vigorous exercise. N Engl J Med 1984:874–877.

  7. Mittleman MA, Maclure M, Tofler GH, et al.: Triggering of acute myocardial infarction by heavy physical exertion. N Engl J Med 1993, 329:1677–1683.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Willich SN, Lewis M, Lowel H, et al.: Physical exertion as a trigger of acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1993, 329:1684–1690.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Holloszy JO, Smith ER, Vining M, Adams S: Effect of voluntary exercise on longevity of rats. J Appl Physiol 1985, 59:828–831.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Himann JE, Cunningham DA, Rechnitzer PA, Patterson DH: Age related changes in speed of walking. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1988, 20:161–166.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Hunter GR, McCarthy JP, Bamman MM: Effects of resistance training on older adults. Sports Med 2004, 34:329–348.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Melov S, Shoffner JM, Kaufman A, Wallace DC: Marked increase in the number and variety of mitochondrial DNA rearrangements in aging human skeletal muscle. Nucleic Acids Res 1995, 23:4122–4126.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Sohal RS, Weindruch R: Oxidative stress, caloric restriction and aging. Science 1996, 273:59–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Balagopal P, Schimke JC, Ades P, et al.: Age effect on transcript levels and synthesis rate of muscle MHC and response to resistance exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001, 280:E203–E208.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Hameen M, Harridge SDR, Goldspink G: Sarcopenia and hypertrophy: a role for insulin like growth factor-1 in aged muscle. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2002, 30:15–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Lamberts SW, van den Beld AW, van der Lely AJ: The endocrinology of aging. Science 1997, 278:419–424.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Tanaka H, Seals DR: Dynamic exercise performance in masters athletes: insight into the effects of primary human aging on physiological functional capacity. J Appl Physiol 2003, 95:2152–2162.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Anton MM, Spirduso WW, Tanaka H: Age-related declines in anaerobic muscular performance: weightlifting and powerlifting. Med Sci Sports Exer 2004, 36:143–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Seiler KS, Spirduso WW, Martin WC: Gender differences in rowing performance and power with aging. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998, 30:121–127.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Shephard RJ, Allen C, Benade AJS, et al.: The maximum oxygen intake: an international reference standard of cardiorespiratory fitness. Bull Wld Hlth Org 1968, 38:757–764.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Pollock ML: The quantification of endurance training programs. In Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews. Edited by Wilmore JH. New York: Academic Press; 1973:155–188.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Hickson RC, Rosenkoetter MA: Reduced training frequencies and maintenance of increased aerobic power. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1981, 13:13–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Hickson RC, Kanakis C, Davis JR, et al.: Reduced training duration effects on aerobic power, endurance and cardiac growth. J Appl Physiol 1982, 53:225–229.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Hickson RC, Foster C, Pollock ML, et al.: Reduced training intensities and loss of aerobic power, endurance and cardiac growth. J Appl Physiol 1985, 58:492–499.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Pollock ML, Gaesser GA, Butcher JD, et al.: The recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness and flexibility in healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998, 30:975–991.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Kraemer WJ, Cafarelli E, Dudley GA, et al.: Progression modules in resistance training for healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002, 34:364–380.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Meyer T, Lucia A, Earnest CP, Kindermann W: A conceptual framework for performance diagnosis and training prescription from submaximal parameters—theory and application. Int J Sports Med 2005, 26:1–11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Foster C, Daniels JT, Seiler KS: Perspectives on correct approaches to training. In Overload, Performance Incompetence and Regeneration in Sport. Edited by Lehmann M, Foster C, Gastmann U, Keizer H, Steinacher J. New York: Plenum Press; 1999:27–41.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  29. Foster C, Daines E, Hector L, et al.: Athletic performance in relation to training load. Wisc Med J 1996, 95:370–374.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Meeusen R, Duclos M, Gleeson M, et al.: Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the overtraining syndrome. Eur J Sport Sci 2006, 6:1–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Hansen AK, Fischer CP, Plomgaard P, et al.: Skeletal muscle adaptation: training twice every second day vs training once daily. J Appl Physiol 2005, 98:93–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Foster C: Monitoring training in athletes with reference to overtraining syndrome. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998, 30:1164–1168.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Mazzeo RA, Cavanagh P, Evans WJ, et al.: Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998, 30:992–1008.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Dill DB, Robinson S, Ross JC: A longitudinal study of 16 champion runners. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1967, 7:4–27.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Trappe SW, Costill DL, Fink WJ, Pearson DR: Skeletal muscle characteristics among distance runners: a 20-yr follow-up study. J Appl Physiol 1995, 78:823–829.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Trappe SW, Costill DL, Vukovich MD, et al.: Aging among elite distance runners: a 22yr longitudinal study, J Appl Physiol 1996, 80:285–290.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Widrick JJ, Trappe SW, Blaser CA, et al.: Isometric force and maximal shortening velocity of single muscle fibers from elite master runners Am J Physiol 1996, 271:C666–C675.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Widrick JJ, Trappe SW, Costill DL, Fitts RH: Force velocity and force power properties of single muscle fibers from elite master runners and sedentary men. Am J Physiol 1996, 271:C676–C683.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Pollock ML, Miller HS, Wilmore J: Physiological characteristics of champion American track athletes 40–75 years of age. J Gerontol 1974, 29:645–649.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Pollock ML, Foster C, Knapp D, et al.: Effect of age and training on aerobic capacity and body composition of master athletes. J Appl Physiol 1987, 62:725–731.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Pollock ML, Mengelkoch LJ, Graves JE, et al.: Twenty-year follow-up of aerobic power and body composition of older track athletes. J Appl Physiol 1997, 82:1508–1516.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Kasch FW, Boyer JL, Schmidtg PK, et al.: Aging of the cardiovascular system during 33 years of aerobic exercise. Age Ageing 1999, 28:531–536.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Rogers MA, Hagberg JM, Martin WH, et al.: Decline in VO2max with aging in master athletes and sedentary men. J Appl Physiol 1990, 68:2195–2199.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Baker JR, Bemben MG, Anderson MA, Bemben DA: Effects of age on testosterone response to resistance exercise and musculoskeletal variables in men. J Strength Cond Res 2006, 20:874–881.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Proctor DN, Dalagopal P, Pair KP: Age related sarcopenia in humans is associated with synthetic rates of specific muscle proteins. J Nutr 1998, 273:E790–E800.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Kim JS, Dosek DJ, Petrella JK, et al.: Resting and load induced levels of myogenic gene transcripts differ between older adults with demonstrable sarcopenia and young men and women. J Appl Physiol 2005, 88:2149–2158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Brooks SV, Faulkner JA: Skeletal muscle weakness in old age: underlying mechanisms. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994, 26:432–439.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Kostka T, Arsac LM, Patricot ML, et al.: Leg extension power and dehydroepiandosterone sulfate, insulin like growth factor I, and testosterone in healthy active elderly people. Eur J Appl Physiol 2000, 82:83–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Aoyagi Y, Shephard RJ: Aging and muscle function. Sports Med 1992, 14:376–396.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Kosek DJ, Kim JS, Petrella JK, et al.: Efficiency of 3 days/week resistance training on muscular hypertrophy and myogenic mechanisms in young and older adults. J Appl Physiol 2006, 101:531–544.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Balagopal P, Schimke JC, Ades P, et al.: Age effect on transcript levels and synthesis rate of muscle MHC and response to resistance exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrin Metab 2001, 280:E203–E208.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Tracy BL, Ivey FM, Hurlbut D, et al.: Muscle quality II: Effects of strength training in 65 to 75 yr old men and women. J Appl Physiol 1999, 86:195–201.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Reeves ND, Narici MV, Maganaris CN: Myotendinous plasticity to ageing and resistance exercise in humans. Exp Physiol 2005, 91:483–498.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Seiler KS, Kjerland GO: Quantifying training intensity distribution in elite endurance athletes: Is there evidence for an optimal distribution. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2007, in Press.

  55. Meyer K, Foster C, Georgakopoulous N, et al.: Left ventricular function during interval and steady state exercise in patients with chronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1998, 82:1382–1387.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Foster C, Hector L, Wlesh R, et al.: Effects of specific versus cross-training on running performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 1995, 70:367–372.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Loy SF, Holladd GJ, Mutton DK, et al.: Effects of stair climbing vs run training on treadmill and track running performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993, 25:1275–1278.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Hickson RC, Dvorak BA, Gorostiga EM, et al.: Potential for strength and endurance training to amplify endurance performance. J Appl Physiol 1988, 65:2285–2290.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Hickson RC: Interference of strength development by simultaneously training for strength and endurance. Eur J Appl Physiol 1980, 45:255–263.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Carl Foster PhD.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Foster, C., Wright, G., Battista, R.A. et al. Training in the aging athlete. Curr Sports Med Rep 6, 200–206 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11932-007-0029-4

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11932-007-0029-4

Keywords

Navigation