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The Microbiome in Osteoarthritis: a Narrative Review of Recent Human and Animal Model Literature

  • Osteoarthritis (M Goldring and T Griffin, Section Editors)
  • Published:
Current Rheumatology Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of the Review

The microbiome has recently emerged as a powerful contributor to health and illness in chronic, systemic disorders. Furthermore, new microbiome niches beyond traditional gut locations are frequently being described. Over the past 5 years, numerous pivotal studies have demonstrated associations between changes in various microbiome niches and the development of osteoarthritis (OA). Herein, we review the most impactful recent literature, including microbiome associations with disease and the potential therapeutic value of microbiome manipulation.

Recent Findings

The gut microbiome of human OA patients is enriched in specific bacterial clades, most notably Streptococcus, which correlates with OA pain, Firmicutes, and others. Most studies have focused on knee OA, although one publication demonstrated positive associations with 3 gut microbiome clades in hand OA. OA can be easily distinguished from RA by evaluating differences in oral microbiome composition. Most studies have also demonstrated a reduction in richness of the gut microbiome (alpha diversity) associated with OA. Several studies have identified bacterial signatures within human knee and hip cartilage, synovial fluid, and synovial tissue and have described changes in these patterns occurring with the development of OA. In animal models of OA, high-fat diet-induced obesity has been the most well-studied OA risk factor associated with changes in the microbiome, with numerous bacterial clades changed within the gut microbiome and associated with OA. Also in animal models, various oral supplementations, including dietary fiber, probiotics including Lactobacillus species, and cecal microbiome transplantation have all shown improvements in OA histopathology or cartilage healing.

Summary

Microbiome changes are strongly associated with the OA disease process and with individual OA risk factors related to both the gut microbiome and the microbial DNA patterns in the joint. Microbiome-directed interventions have the potential to prevent or reduce the progression of OA. Future studies should investigate the mechanistic underpinnings of these microbiome associations and further define the therapeutic potential of microbiome augmentation.

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Funding

This work was supported by NIH grants K08AR070891, P20GM125528, R61AR078075, and R01AR076440, and the Department of Defense CDMRP grant PR191652. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. The funding source was not involved in the writing of this article.

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  1. Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th Street, Laboratory MC400, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA

    Christopher M. Dunn & Matlock A. Jeffries

  2. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA

    Christopher M. Dunn & Matlock A. Jeffries

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Dunn, C.M., Jeffries, M.A. The Microbiome in Osteoarthritis: a Narrative Review of Recent Human and Animal Model Literature. Curr Rheumatol Rep 24, 139–148 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-022-01066-6

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