Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Eosinophilic Fasciitis: an Updated Review on Diagnosis and Treatment

  • Orphan Diseases (B Manger, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Rheumatology Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of Review

First recognized in 1974, eosinophilic fasciitis (EF) is a fibrosing disorder of the fascia with characteristic cutaneous and hematologic manifestations. This review discusses recent trends in the diagnosis and treatment of EF.

Recent Findings

Although fascial biopsy has classically been considered the gold standard for making a diagnosis of EF, radiologic imaging, particularly magnetic resonance imaging, has been increasingly used for both diagnosis and monitoring of treatment response. Systemic corticosteroids remain the first-line treatment for EF; however, their often prolonged use in the treatment of EF has prompted a search for adjunctive therapies. Methotrexate has emerged as the leading corticosteroid-sparing agent for EF.

Summary

Since EF was initially described over 40 years ago, important diagnostic and therapeutic progress has been made. Future efforts should be directed at the pursuit of prospective studies including clinical trials and evidence-based guidelines.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. Shulman LE. Diffuse fasciitis with hypergammaglobulinemia and eosinophilia: a new syndrome? J Rheumatol. 1974;1(1):46.

  2. Fruchter R, Mazori DR, Femia AN. Groove sign of eosinophilic fasciitis. J Clin Rheumatol. 2017;23(3):169. https://doi.org/10.1097/rhu.0000000000000524.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Lakhanpal S, Ginsburg WW, Michet CJ, Doyle JA, Moore SB. Eosinophilic fasciitis: clinical spectrum and therapeutic response in 52 cases. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1988;17(4):221–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. •• Wright NA, Mazori DR, Patel M, Merola JF, Femia AN, Vleugels RA. Epidemiology and treatment of eosinophilic fasciitis: an analysis of 63 patients from 3 tertiary care centers. JAMA Dermatol. 2016;152(1):97–9. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2015.3648. This study represents the largest EF cohort to date and found that treatment with the combination of systemic corticosteroids and methotrexate led to the best outcomes.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Lebeaux D, Frances C, Barete S, Wechsler B, Dubourg O, Renoux J, et al. Eosinophilic fasciitis (Shulman disease): new insights into the therapeutic management from a series of 34 patients. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2012;51(3):557–61. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/ker366.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. •• Pinal-Fernandez I, Selva-O’ Callaghan A, Grau JM. Diagnosis and classification of eosinophilic fasciitis. Autoimmun Rev. 2014;13(4–5):379–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.019. This review is the first to propose diagnostic criteria for EF.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Endo Y, Tamura A, Matsushima Y, Iwasaki T, Hasegawa M, Nagai Y, et al. Eosinophilic fasciitis: report of two cases and a systematic review of the literature dealing with clinical variables that predict outcome. Clin Rheumatol. 2007;26(9):1445–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-006-0525-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Peterson LS, Nelson AM, Su WP. Classification of morphea (localized scleroderma). Mayo Clin Proc. 1995;70(11):1068–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0025-6196(11)64442-x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Chung L, Lin J, Furst DE, Fiorentino D. Systemic and localized scleroderma. Clin Dermatol. 2006;24(5):374–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2006.07.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Bielsa Marsol I. Update on the classification and treatment of localized scleroderma. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2013;104(8):654–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adengl.2012.10.012.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Guillevin L, Berezne A, Seror R, Teixeira L, Pourrat J, Mahr A, et al. Scleroderma renal crisis: a retrospective multicentre study on 91 patients and 427 controls. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2012;51(3):460–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/ker271.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Heidary N, Cheung W, Wang N, Kamino H, Franks AG Jr. Eosinophilic fasciitis/generalized morphea overlap. Dermatol Online J. 2009;15(8):2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. • Gorcey L, Femia AN, Eastham AB, Gaviola G, Vleugels RA. The role of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of early eosinophilic fasciitis prior to the development of cutaneous findings. J Invest Dermatol. 2014;134(Supplement 1):S15. This case report describes the ability of MRI to contribute to the diagnosis of EF before the onset of cutaneous manifestations.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Ergun T, Seckin D, Salman A, Ocak ES, Yucelten AD, Direskeneli H, et al. Atypical presentations of eosinophilic fasciitis. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2016;82(1):47–52. https://doi.org/10.4103/0378-6323.171010.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. •• Kirchgesner T, Dallaudiere B, Omoumi P, Malghem J, Vande Berg B, Lecouvet F, et al. Eosinophilic fasciitis: typical abnormalities, variants and differential diagnosis of fasciae abnormalities using MR imaging. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2015;96(4):341–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diii.2014.06.018. This review summarizes the MRI features of EF and outlines the differential diagnosis of EF on MRI.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. De Clerck LS, Degryse HR, Wouters E, Van Offel JF, De Schepper AM, Martin JJ, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of patients with eosinophilic fasciitis. J Rheumatol. 1989;16(9):1270–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Baumann F, Bruhlmann P, Andreisek G, Michel BA, Marincek B, Weishaupt D. MRI for diagnosis and monitoring of patients with eosinophilic fasciitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;184(1):169–74. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.184.1.01840169.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. al-Shaikh A, Freeman C, Avruch L, McKendry RJ. Use of magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosing eosinophilic fasciitis. Report of two cases. Arthritis Rheum. 1994;37(11):1602–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Moulton SJ, Kransdorf MJ, Ginsburg WW, Abril A, Persellin S. Eosinophilic fasciitis: spectrum of MRI findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;184(3):975–8. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.184.3.01840975.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Grados D, Martinez-Morillo M, Tejera B, Olive A. A comment on “from diagnosis to remission: place of MRI in eosinophilic fasciitis”. Clin Rheumatol. 2011;30(3):441–2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-010-1670-5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Chan V, Soans B, Mathers D. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging features in a patient with eosinophilic fasciitis. Australas Radiol. 2004;48(3):414–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0004-8461.2004.01331.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Desvignes-Engelbert A, Sauliere N, Loeuille D, Blum A, Chary-Valckenaere I. Polymyalgia revealing eosinophilic fasciitis in a young male: contribution of magnetic resonance imaging. Joint Bone Spine. 2010;77(4):367–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2010.04.008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Ronneberger M, Janka R, Schett G, Manger B. Can MRI substitute for biopsy in eosinophilic fasciitis? Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(10):1651–2. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2008.103903.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. • Kissin EY, Garg A, Grayson PC, Dubreuil M, Vradii D, York M, et al. Ultrasound assessment of subcutaneous compressibility: a potential adjunctive diagnostic tool in eosinophilic fasciitis. J Clin Rheumatol. 2013;19(7):382–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/rhu.0000000000000020. In the only ultrasound study on EF to date, ultrasound-measured tissue compressibility was found to be lowest in EF compared with other fibrosing and sclerosing disorders.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Mondal S, Goswami RP, Sinha D, Ghosh A. Ultrasound is a useful adjunct in diagnosis of eosinophilic fasciitis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2015;54(11):2041. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kev290.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Cheriet S, Chastan M, Levesque H, Marie I. Positron emission tomography in the diagnosis of eosinophilic fasciitis. QJM. 2011;104(11):987–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcq218.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Kim HJ, Lee SW, Kim GJ, Lee JH. Usefulness of FDG PET/CT in the diagnosis of eosinophilic fasciitis. Clin Nucl Med. 2014;39(9):801–2. https://doi.org/10.1097/rlu.0000000000000260.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Marie I, Sauvetre G. Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in eosinophilic fasciitis. Joint Bone Spine. 2014;81(6):541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2014.07.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. • Kurimoto R, Ikeda K, Nakagomi D, Nakajima H. Eosinophilic fasciitis illustrated by [(18)F] FDG-PET/CT. Intern Med. 2016;55(16):2321–2. https://doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.55.6937. In this case report, PET-CT facilitated the diagnosis of EF prior to the development of skin findings.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Farrington ML, Haas JE, Nazar-Stewart V, Mellins ED. Eosinophilic fasciitis in children frequently progresses to scleroderma-like cutaneous fibrosis. J Rheumatol. 1993;20(1):128–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. de Masson A, Bouaziz JD, Peffault de Latour R, Benhamou Y, Molucon-Chabrot C, Bay JO, et al. Severe aplastic anemia associated with eosinophilic fasciitis: report of 4 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 2013;92(2):69–81. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0b013e3182899e78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Naschitz JE, Misselevich I, Rosner I, Yeshurun D, Weiner P, Amar M, et al. Lymph-node-based malignant lymphoma and reactive lymphadenopathy in eosinophilic fasciitis. Am J Med Sci. 1999;318(5):343–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Fleming CJ, Clarke P, Kemmett D. Eosinophilic fasciitis with myelodysplasia responsive to treatment with cyclosporin. Br J Dermatol. 1997;136(2):297–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Haddad H, Sundaram S, Magro C, Gergis U. Eosinophilic fasciitis as a paraneoplastic syndrome, a case report and review of the literature. Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Ther. 2014;7(2):90–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hemonc.2013.12.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Laneuville P, Cyclosporin A. Induced remission of CD4+ T-CLL associated with eosinophilia and fasciitis. Br J Haematol. 1992;80(2):252–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Khanna D, Verity A, Grossman JM. Eosinophilic fasciitis with multiple myeloma: a new haematological association. Ann Rheum Dis. 2002;61(12):1111–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Philpott H, Hissaria P, Warrren L, Singhal N, Brown M, Proudman S, et al. Eosinophilic fasciitis as a paraneoplastic phenomenon associated with metastatic colorectal carcinoma. Australas J Dermatol. 2008;49(1):27–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-0960.2007.00415.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Frumholtz L, Sebert M, de Masson A, Attias P, Ades L, Roux J, et al. Efficacy of eculizumab against eosinophilic fasciitis associated with paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016; https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.13819.

  39. Sasaki K, Popat U, Jain P, Kadia T, Patel K, Patel K, et al. Successful treatment of aplastic anemia-paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria associated with eosinophilic fasciitis with matched unrelated donor allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Clin Case Rep. 2016;4(8):765–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/ccr3.613.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Agnew KL, Blunt D, Francis ND, Bunker CB. Magnetic resonance imaging in eosinophilic fasciitis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2005;30(4):435–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2230.2005.01753.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Liou CH, Huang GS, Taylor JA, Juan CJ, Gao HW, Chen CY. Eosinophilic fasciitis in a military recruit: MRI evaluation with clinical correlation. Skelet Radiol. 2003;32(1):52–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00256-002-0596-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Desvignes-Engelbert A, Sauliere N, Loeuille D, Blum A, Chary-Valckenaere I. From diagnosis to remission: place of MRI in eosinophilic fasciitis. Clin Rheumatol. 2010;29(12):1461–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-010-1508-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Nakajima H, Fujiwara S, Shinoda K, Ohsawa N. Magnetic resonance imaging and serum aldolase concentration in eosinophilic fasciitis. Intern Med. 1997;36(9):654–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Sugimoto T, Nitta N, Kashiwagi A. Usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging in eosinophilic fasciitis. Rheumatol Int. 2007;27(8):791–2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-006-0302-5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Silny W, Osmola-Mankowska A, Czarnecka-Operacz M, Zaba R, Danczak-Pazdrowska A, Marciniak A. Eosinophilic fascitis: a report of two cases treated with ultraviolet A1 phototherapy. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed. 2009;25(6):325–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0781.2009.00463.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Janzen L, Jeffery JR, Gough J, Chalmers IM. Response to methotrexate in a patient with idiopathic eosinophilic fasciitis, morphea, IgM hypergammaglobulinemia, and renal involvement. J Rheumatol. 1995;22(10):1967–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Pouplin S, Daragon A, Le Loet X. Treatment of eosinophilic fasciitis with methotrexate. J Rheumatol. 1998;25(3):606–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. •• Berianu F, Cohen MD, Abril A, Ginsburg WW. Eosinophilic fasciitis: clinical characteristics and response to methotrexate. Int J Rheum Dis. 2015;18(1):91–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/1756-185x.12499. This retrospective study demonstrated that methotrexate has corticosteroid-sparing and remittive effects in the treatment of EF.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. •• Mertens JS, Zweers MC, Kievit W, Knaapen HK, Gerritsen M, Radstake TR, et al. High-dose intravenous pulse methotrexate in patients with eosinophilic fasciitis. JAMA Dermatol. 2016; https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2016.2873. One of the few prospective studies on EF, this trial of intravenous pulse methotrexate showed a response in the majority of patients, with generally manageable adverse effects.

  50. Loupasakis K, Derk CT. Eosinophilic fasciitis in a pediatric patient. J Clin Rheumatol. 2010;16(3):129–31. https://doi.org/10.1097/RHU.0b013e3181d56f73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Weber HO, Schaller M, Metzler G, Rocken M, Berneburg M. Eosinophilic fasciitis and combined UVA1—retinoid—corticosteroid treatment: two case reports. Acta Derm Venereol. 2008;88(3):304–6. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-0417.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Schiener R, Behrens-Williams SC, Gottlober P, Pillekamp H, Peter RU, Kerscher M. Eosinophilic fasciitis treated with psoralen-ultraviolet A bath photochemotherapy. Br J Dermatol. 2000;142(4):804–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Horacek E, Sator PG, Gschnait F. Venous furrowing’: a clue to the diagnosis of eosinophilic fasciitis. A case of eosinophilic fasciitis ultimately treated with oral PUVA therapy. Dermatology. 2007;215(1):89–90. https://doi.org/10.1159/000102041.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Romano C, Rubegni P, De Aloe G, Stanghellini E, D'Ascenzo G, Andreassi L, et al. Extracorporeal photochemotherapy in the treatment of eosinophilic fasciitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2003;17(1):10–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Minciullo PL, Morabito F, Mandaglio R, Iacopino P, Gangemi S. Eosinophilic fasciitis associated with autoimmune phenomena after bone marrow transplantation: report of two cases. Clin Rheumatol. 2006;25(1):80–2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-005-1138-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Pileri A, Odorici G, Giudice V, Patrizi A, Bardazzi F. Bosentan and extracorporeal photochemotherapy in eosinophilic fasciitis: synergistic action or fortuitous coincidence? Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2014;13(2):160–1. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534734614529651.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Pimenta S, Bernardes M, Bernardo A, Brito I, Castro L, Simoes-Ventura F. Intravenous immune globulins to treat eosinophilic fasciitis: a case report. Joint Bone Spine. 2009;76(5):572–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2009.06.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Bukiej A, Dropinski J, Dyduch G, Szczeklik A. Eosinophilic fasciitis successfully treated with cyclosporine. Clin Rheumatol. 2005;24(6):634–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-005-1099-4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Hayashi N, Igarashi A, Matsuyama T, Harada S. Eosinophilic fasciitis following exposure to trichloroethylene: successful treatment with cyclosporin. Br J Dermatol. 2000;142(4):830–2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Tahara K, Yukawa S, Shoji A, Hayashi H, Tsuboi N. Long-term remission by cyclosporine in a patient with eosinophilic fasciitis associated with primary biliary cirrhosis. Clin Rheumatol. 2008;27(9):1199–201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-008-0912-2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Valencia IC, Chang A, Kirsner RS, Kerdel FA. Eosinophilic fasciitis responsive to treatment with pulsed steroids and cyclosporine. Int J Dermatol. 1999;38(5):369–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Smith LC, Cox NH. Dapsone treatment for eosinophilic fasciitis. Arch Dermatol. 2008;144(7):845–7. https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.144.7.845.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Alonso-Castro L, de las Heras E, Moreno C, Fleta-Asin B, Munoz-Zato E, Carrillo R, et al. Eosinophilic fasciitis/generalized morphea overlap successfully treated with azathioprine. Int J Dermatol. 2014;53(11):1386–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2012.05741.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Caspi D, Fishel R, Varon M, Yona E, Baratz M, Yaron M. Multisystem presentation of eosinophilic fasciitis. Rheumatol Rehabil. 1982;21(4):218–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Drosou A, Kirsner RS, Welsh E, Sullivan TP, Kerdel FA. Use of infliximab, an anti-tumor necrosis alpha antibody, for inflammatory dermatoses. J Cutan Med Surg. 2003;7(5):382–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10227-002-0134-1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Khanna D, Agrawal H, Clements PJ. Infliximab may be effective in the treatment of steroid-resistant eosinophilic fasciitis: report of three cases. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2010;49(6):1184–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keq062.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Tzaribachev N, Holzer U, Schedel J, Maier V, Klein R, Kuemmerle-Deschner J. Infliximab effective in steroid-dependent juvenile eosinophilic fasciitis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008;47(6):930–2. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/ken142.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Poliak N, Orange JS, Pawel BR, Weiss PF. Eosinophilic fasciitis mimicking angioedema and treatment response to infliximab in a pediatric patient. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2011;106(5):444–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2011.01.021.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Scheinberg M, Hamerschlak N, Kutner JM, Ribeiro AA, Ferreira E, Goldenberg J, et al. Rituximab in refractory autoimmune diseases: Brazilian experience with 29 patients (2002-2004). Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2006;24(1):65–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Oza VS, Walsh R, North J, Berger TG, Murase JE. Treatment of eosinophilic fasciitis with sirolimus. JAMA Dermatol. 2016;152(4):488–90. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2016.0048.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Espinoza F, Jorgensen C, Pers YM. Efficacy of tocilizumab in the treatment of eosinophilic fasciitis: report of one case. Joint Bone Spine. 2015;82(6):460–1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2015.02.008.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. • Mendoza FA, Bai R, Kebede AG, Jimenez SA. Severe eosinophilic fasciitis: comparison of treatment with D-penicillamine plus corticosteroids vs. corticosteroids alone. Scand J Rheumatol. 2016;45(2):129–34. https://doi.org/10.3109/03009742.2015.1067713. This double-arm trial reported improved outcomes, but greater adverse effects, with prednisone and d-penicillamine compared with prednisone alone.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Manzini CU, Sebastiani M, Giuggioli D, Manfredi A, Colaci M, Cesinaro AM, et al. D-penicillamine in the treatment of eosinophilic fasciitis: case reports and review of the literature. Clin Rheumatol. 2012;31(1):183–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-011-1866-3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Dr. Femia’s career has been in part supported by funding from the Noah-Sadie K. Wachtel Foundation. Dr. Vleugels’ career has been supported by a Medical Dermatology Career Development Award from the Dermatology Foundation.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dermatology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA

    Daniel R. Mazori

  2. The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA

    Alisa N. Femia

  3. Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Ruth Ann Vleugels

Authors
  1. Daniel R. Mazori
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Alisa N. Femia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ruth Ann Vleugels
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ruth Ann Vleugels.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Orphan Diseases

Alisa N. Femia and Ruth Ann Vleugels are co-last authors.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Mazori, D.R., Femia, A.N. & Vleugels, R.A. Eosinophilic Fasciitis: an Updated Review on Diagnosis and Treatment. Curr Rheumatol Rep 19, 74 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-017-0700-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11926-017-0700-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation