Baxter AJ, Scott KM, Vos T, Whiteford HA. Global prevalence of anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-regression. Psychol Med. 2013;43(5):897–910. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329171200147X.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kessler RC, Amminger GP, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, Lee S, Ustun TB. Age of onset of mental disorders: a review of recent literature. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2007;20(4):359–64. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e32816ebc8c.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Antony MM, Stein MB. Oxford handbook of anxiety and related disorders: Oxford University Press; 2008.
Kessler RC, Ruscio AM, Shear K, Wittchen HU. Epidemiology of anxiety disorders. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2010;2:21–35.
Article
Google Scholar
Fawcett J. Suicide and anxiety in DSM-5. Depress Anxiety. 2013;30(10):898–901. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22058.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Baxter AJ, Vos T, Scott KM, Ferrari AJ, Whiteford HA. The global burden of anxiety disorders in 2010. Psychol Med. 2014;44(11):2363–74. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291713003243.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ionescu DF, Niciu MJ, Mathews DC, Richards EM, Zarate CA Jr. Neurobiology of anxious depression: a review. Depress Anxiety. 2013;30(4):374–85. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22095.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
•• Kim YK, Shin C. The microbiota-gut-brain axis in neuropsychiatric disorders: pathophysiological mechanisms and novel treatments. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2018;16(5):559–73. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X15666170915141036This article investigated the microbiota-gut-brain axis and the mechanism of psychiatric diseases, and suggested therapeutic potential.
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Jiang H, Ling Z, Zhang Y, Mao H, Ma Z, Yin Y, et al. Altered fecal microbiota composition in patients with major depressive disorder. Brain Behav Immun. 2015;48:186–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2015.03.016.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kelly JR, Borre Y, C OB, Patterson E, El Aidy S, Deane J, et al. Transferring the blues: Depression-associated gut microbiota induces neurobehavioural changes in the rat. J Psychiatr Res. 2016;82:109–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.07.019.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gupta S, Masand PS, Kaplan D, Bhandary A, Hendricks S. The relationship between schizophrenia and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Schizophr Res. 1997;23(3):265–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(96)00099-0.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Filipovic BR, Filipovic BF. Psychiatric comorbidity in the treatment of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(13):3552–63. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i13.3552.
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Eaton W, Mortensen PB, Agerbo E, Byrne M, Mors O, Ewald H. Coeliac disease and schizophrenia: population based case control study with linkage of Danish national registers. BMJ. 2004;328(7437):438–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.328.7437.438.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hemmings G. Schizophrenia. Nature. 1992;355(6358):291. https://doi.org/10.1038/355291d0.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Coury DL, Ashwood P, Fasano A, Fuchs G, Geraghty M, Kaul A, et al. Gastrointestinal conditions in children with autism spectrum disorder: developing a research agenda. Pediatrics. 2012;130(Suppl 2):S160–8. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-0900N.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chen YH, Bai J, Wu D, Yu SF, Qiang XL, Bai H, et al. Association between fecal microbiota and generalized anxiety disorder: severity and early treatment response. J Affect Disord. 2019;259:56–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.08.014.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Turna J, Grosman Kaplan K, Anglin R, Patterson B, Soreni N, Bercik P, et al. The gut microbiome and inflammation in obsessive-compulsive disorder patients compared to age- and sex-matched controls: a pilot study. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2020;142(4):337–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13175.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ursell LK, Metcalf JL, Parfrey LW, Knight R. Defining the human microbiome. Nutr Rev. 2012;70(Suppl 1):S38–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00493.x.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Frank DN, Pace NR. Gastrointestinal microbiology enters the metagenomics era. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2008;24(1):4–10. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOG.0b013e3282f2b0e8.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Arumugam M, Raes J, Pelletier E, Le Paslier D, Yamada T, Mende DR, et al. Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome. Nature. 2011;473(7346):174–80. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09944.
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Koren O, Goodrich JK, Cullender TC, Spor A, Laitinen K, Backhed HK, et al. Host remodeling of the gut microbiome and metabolic changes during pregnancy. Cell. 2012;150(3):470–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2012.07.008.
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Jasarevic E, Rodgers AB, Bale TL. A novel role for maternal stress and microbial transmission in early life programming and neurodevelopment. Neurobiol Stress. 2015;1:81–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ynstr.2014.10.005.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Buffington SA, Di Prisco GV, Auchtung TA, Ajami NJ, Petrosino JF, Costa-Mattioli M. Microbial reconstitution reverses maternal diet-induced social and synaptic deficits in offspring. Cell. 2016;165(7):1762–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.06.001.
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Krakowiak P, Walker CK, Bremer AA, Baker AS, Ozonoff S, Hansen RL, et al. Maternal metabolic conditions and risk for autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders. Pediatrics. 2012;129(5):e1121–8. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-2583.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
DiGiulio DB, Callahan BJ, McMurdie PJ, Costello EK, Lyell DJ, Robaczewska A, et al. Temporal and spatial variation of the human microbiota during pregnancy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112(35):11060–5. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1502875112.
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Karlsson CL, Molin G, Cilio CM, Ahrne S. The pioneer gut microbiota in human neonates vaginally born at term-a pilot study. Pediatr Res. 2011;70(3):282–6. https://doi.org/10.1203/PDR.0b013e318225f765.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Backhed F, Roswall J, Peng Y, Feng Q, Jia H, Kovatcheva-Datchary P, et al. Dynamics and stabilization of the human gut microbiome during the first year of life. Cell Host Microbe. 2015;17(6):852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2015.05.012.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bordenstein SR, Theis KR. Host biology in light of the microbiome: ten principles of holobionts and hologenomes. PLoS Biol. 2015;13(8):e1002226. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002226.
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Rosenberg E, Zilber-Rosenberg I. Microbes drive evolution of animals and plants: the hologenome concept. mBio. 2016;7(2):e01395. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01395-15.
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Biasucci G, Rubini M, Riboni S, Morelli L, Bessi E, Retetangos C. Mode of delivery affects the bacterial community in the newborn gut. Early Hum Dev. 2010;86(Suppl 1):13–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2010.01.004.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Huurre A, Kalliomaki M, Rautava S, Rinne M, Salminen S, Isolauri E. Mode of delivery - effects on gut microbiota and humoral immunity. Neonatology. 2008;93(4):236–40. https://doi.org/10.1159/000111102.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Favier CF, Vaughan EE, De Vos WM, Akkermans AD. Molecular monitoring of succession of bacterial communities in human neonates. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002;68(1):219–26. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.1.219-226.2002.
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
• Sharon G, Sampson TR, Geschwind DH, Mazmanian SK. The central nervous system and the gut microbiome. Cell. 2016;167(4):915–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.10.027In this paper, they reviewed the relationship between neurodevelopment and microbial communities, and discussed the hypothesis that gut bacteria are essential contributors to the balance between development and function of the central nervous system, mental health and disease.
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Forsythe P, Sudo N, Dinan T, Taylor VH, Bienenstock J. Mood and gut feelings. Brain Behav Immun. 2010;24(1):9–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2009.05.058.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Whitehead WE, Palsson O, Jones KR. Systematic review of the comorbidity of irritable bowel syndrome with other disorders: what are the causes and implications? Gastroenterology. 2002;122(4):1140–56. https://doi.org/10.1053/gast.2002.32392.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mikocka-Walus A, Knowles SR, Keefer L, Graff L. Controversies revisited: a systematic review of the comorbidity of depression and anxiety with inflammatory bowel diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2016;22(3):752–62. https://doi.org/10.1097/MIB.0000000000000620.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Horst S, Chao A, Rosen M, Nohl A, Duley C, Wagnon JH, et al. Treatment with immunosuppressive therapy may improve depressive symptoms in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2015;60(2):465–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-014-3375-0.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Daulatzai MA. Chronic functional bowel syndrome enhances gut-brain axis dysfunction, neuroinflammation, cognitive impairment, and vulnerability to dementia. Neurochem Res. 2014;39(4):624–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-014-1266-6.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kelly JR, Kennedy PJ, Cryan JF, Dinan TG, Clarke G, Hyland NP. Breaking down the barriers: the gut microbiome, intestinal permeability and stress-related psychiatric disorders. Front Cell Neurosci. 2015;9:392. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2015.00392.
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
El Aidy S, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Immune modulation of the brain-gut-microbe axis. Front Microbiol. 2014;5:146. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00146.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Costello EK, Stagaman K, Dethlefsen L, Bohannan BJ, Relman DA. The application of ecological theory toward an understanding of the human microbiome. Science. 2012;336(6086):1255–62. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1224203.
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Sudo N, Chida Y, Aiba Y, Sonoda J, Oyama N, Yu XN, et al. Postnatal microbial colonization programs the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system for stress response in mice. J Physiol. 2004;558(Pt 1):263–75. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2004.063388.
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Diaz Heijtz R, Wang S, Anuar F, Qian Y, Bjorkholm B, Samuelsson A, et al. Normal gut microbiota modulates brain development and behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108(7):3047–52. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1010529108.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
El Aidy S, van Baarlen P, Derrien M, Lindenbergh-Kortleve DJ, Hooiveld G, Levenez F, et al. Temporal and spatial interplay of microbiota and intestinal mucosa drive establishment of immune homeostasis in conventionalized mice. Mucosal Immunol. 2012;5(5):567–79. https://doi.org/10.1038/mi.2012.32.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
El Aidy S, Derrien M, Aardema R, Hooiveld G, Richards SE, Dane A, et al. Transient inflammatory-like state and microbial dysbiosis are pivotal in establishment of mucosal homeostasis during colonisation of germ-free mice. Benef Microbes. 2014;5(1):67–77. https://doi.org/10.3920/BM2013.0018.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
•• Sherwin E, Sandhu KV, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. May the force be with you: the light and dark sides of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in Neuropsychiatry. CNS Drugs. 2016;30(11):1019–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-016-0370-3In this paper, the microbiota-gut-brain axis was discussed, and various psychiatric diseases that could occur when dysregulation in this relationship were considered. Also, the possibility for the treatment of psychiatric diseases was suggested from the perspective of the microbiota-gut-brain axis.
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Goehler LE, Park SM, Opitz N, Lyte M, Gaykema RP. Campylobacter jejuni infection increases anxiety-like behavior in the holeboard: possible anatomical substrates for viscerosensory modulation of exploratory behavior. Brain Behav Immun. 2008;22(3):354–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2007.08.009.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Neufeld KM, Kang N, Bienenstock J, Foster JA. Reduced anxiety-like behavior and central neurochemical change in germ-free mice. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2011;23(3):255–64, e119. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01620.x.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Wikoff WR, Anfora AT, Liu J, Schultz PG, Lesley SA, Peters EC, et al. Metabolomics analysis reveals large effects of gut microflora on mammalian blood metabolites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106(10):3698–703. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0812874106.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
O'Mahony SM, Clarke G, Borre YE, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Serotonin, tryptophan metabolism and the brain-gut-microbiome axis. Behav Brain Res. 2015;277:32–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.027.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Blier P, El Mansari M. Serotonin and beyond: therapeutics for major depression. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci. 2013;368(1615):20120536. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0536.
CAS
Article
Google Scholar
Gal EM, Sherman AD. L-kynurenine: its synthesis and possible regulatory function in brain. Neurochem Res. 1980;5(3):223–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00964611.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Maes M, Leonard BE, Myint AM, Kubera M, Verkerk R. The new ‘5-HT’s hypothesis of depression: cell-mediated immune activation induces indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, which leads to lower plasma tryptophan and an increased synthesis of detrimental tryptophan catabolites (TRYCATs), both of which contribute to the onset of depression. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2011;35(3):702–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.12.017.
CAS
Article
Google Scholar
Lapin IP. Neurokynurenines (NEKY) as common neurochemical links of stress and anxiety. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2003;527:121–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0135-0_14.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hayaishi O. Properties and function of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. J Biochem. 1976;79(4):13P–21P. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a131115.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Salazar A, Gonzalez-Rivera BL, Redus L, Parrott JM, O'Connor JC. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase mediates anhedonia and anxiety-like behaviors caused by peripheral lipopolysaccharide immune challenge. Horm Behav. 2012;62(3):202–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.03.010.
CAS
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Clarke G, Grenham S, Scully P, Fitzgerald P, Moloney RD, Shanahan F, et al. The microbiome-gut-brain axis during early life regulates the hippocampal serotonergic system in a sex-dependent manner. Mol Psychiatry. 2013;18(6):666–73. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2012.77.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Desbonnet L, Garrett L, Clarke G, Bienenstock J, Dinan TG. The probiotic Bifidobacteria infantis: an assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat. J Psychiatr Res. 2008;43(2):164–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.03.009.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mohler H. The GABA system in anxiety and depression and its therapeutic potential. Neuropharmacology. 2012;62(1):42–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.08.040.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Janik R, Thomason LAM, Stanisz AM, Forsythe P, Bienenstock J, Stanisz GJ. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy reveals oral Lactobacillus promotion of increases in brain GABA, N-acetyl aspartate and glutamate. Neuroimage. 2016;125:988–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.11.018.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bravo JA, Forsythe P, Chew MV, Escaravage E, Savignac HM, Dinan TG, et al. Ingestion of Lactobacillus strain regulates emotional behavior and central GABA receptor expression in a mouse via the vagus nerve. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108(38):16050–5. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1102999108.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Asano Y, Hiramoto T, Nishino R, Aiba Y, Kimura T, Yoshihara K, et al. Critical role of gut microbiota in the production of biologically active, free catecholamines in the gut lumen of mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2012;303(11):G1288–95. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00341.2012.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Matsumoto M, Kibe R, Ooga T, Aiba Y, Sawaki E, Koga Y, et al. Cerebral low-molecular metabolites influenced by intestinal microbiota: a pilot study. Front Syst Neurosci. 2013;7:9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2013.00009.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Zunszain PA, Anacker C, Cattaneo A, Carvalho LA, Pariante CM. Glucocorticoids, cytokines and brain abnormalities in depression. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2011;35(3):722–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.04.011.
CAS
Article
Google Scholar
Ait-Belgnaoui A, Durand H, Cartier C, Chaumaz G, Eutamene H, Ferrier L, et al. Prevention of gut leakiness by a probiotic treatment leads to attenuated HPA response to an acute psychological stress in rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2012;37(11):1885–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.03.024.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ait-Belgnaoui A, Colom A, Braniste V, Ramalho L, Marrot A, Cartier C, et al. Probiotic gut effect prevents the chronic psychological stress-induced brain activity abnormality in mice. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2014;26(4):510–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.12295.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Messaoudi M, Violle N, Bisson JF, Desor D, Javelot H, Rougeot C. Beneficial psychological effects of a probiotic formulation (Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175) in healthy human volunteers. Gut Microbes. 2011;2(4):256–61. https://doi.org/10.4161/gmic.2.4.16108.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Benton D, Williams C, Brown A. Impact of consuming a milk drink containing a probiotic on mood and cognition. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007;61(3):355–61. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602546.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tran N, Zhebrak M, Yacoub C, Pelletier J, Hawley D. The gut-brain relationship: investigating the effect of multispecies probiotics on anxiety in a randomized placebo-controlled trial of healthy young adults. J Affect Disord. 2019;252:271–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.043.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Desbonnet L, Clarke G, Traplin A, O’Sullivan O, Crispie F, Moloney RD, et al. Gut microbiota depletion from early adolescence in mice: implications for brain and behaviour. Brain Behav Immun. 2015;48:165–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2015.04.004.
CAS
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar