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Internally Displaced “Victims of Armed Conflict” in Colombia: The Trajectory and Trauma Signature of Forced Migration

  • Disaster Psychiatry (CS North and B Pfefferbaum, Section Editors)
  • Published:
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Abstract

While conflict-induced forced migration is a global phenomenon, the situation in Colombia, South America, is distinctive. Colombia has ranked either first or second in the number of internally displaced persons for 10 years, a consequence of decades of armed conflict compounded by high prevalence of drug trafficking. The displacement trajectory for displaced persons in Colombia proceeds through a sequence of stages: (1) pre-expulsion threats and vulnerability, (2) expulsion, (3) migration, (4) initial adaptation to relocation, (5) protracted resettlement (the end point for most forced migrants), and, rarely, (6) return to the community of origin. Trauma signature analysis, an evidence-based method that elucidates the physical and psychological consequences associated with exposures to harm and loss during disasters and complex emergencies, was used to identify the psychological risk factors and potentially traumatic events experienced by conflict-displaced persons in Colombia, stratified across the phases of displacement. Trauma and loss are experienced differentially throughout the pathway of displacement.

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Conflict of Interest

James M. Shultz, Dana Rose Garfin, Zelde Espinel, Ricardo Araya, Milton L. Wainberg, Roberto Chaskel, Silvia L. Gaviria, Anna E. Ordóñez, Maria Espinola, Fiona E. Wilson, Natalia Muñoz García, Ángela Milena Gómez Ceballos, Yanira Garcia-Barcena, Helena Verdeli, and Yuval Neria declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Dr. Maria A. Oquendo receives royalties for the commercial use of the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale. Her family owns stock in Bristol Myers Squibb.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Disaster & Extreme Event Preparedness (DEEP Center), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA

    James M. Shultz

  2. Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA

    Dana Rose Garfin

  3. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine and Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, FL, 33136, USA

    Zelde Espinel

  4. Centre for Global Mental Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK

    Ricardo Araya

  5. Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University & The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA

    Maria A. Oquendo

  6. Global Mental Health T32 Research Fellowship, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University & The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA

    Milton L. Wainberg

  7. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, Hospital Militar Central, Universidad El Bosque, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, Colombia

    Roberto Chaskel

  8. Department of Psychiatry, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia

    Silvia L. Gaviria

  9. Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)/National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA

    Anna E. Ordóñez

  10. McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Maria Espinola

  11. Department of Clinical & Health Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK

    Fiona E. Wilson

  12. Program in Clinical and Health Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, Colombia

    Natalia Muñoz García

  13. Program in Public Health, Schools of Medicine and Government, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, Colombia

    Ángela Milena Gómez Ceballos

  14. Department of Health Informatics, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Louis Calder Memorial Library, Miami, FL, USA

    Yanira Garcia-Barcena

  15. Teachers College and Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University & The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA

    Helen Verdeli

  16. Department of Psychiatry & Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University & The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA

    Yuval Neria

  17. 251 174 St. #2319, Sunny Isles Beach, FL, USA

    James M. Shultz

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  1. James M. Shultz
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  2. Dana Rose Garfin
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Correspondence to James M. Shultz.

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This article is part of the Topical Collection on Disaster Psychiatry

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Shultz, J.M., Garfin, D.R., Espinel, Z. et al. Internally Displaced “Victims of Armed Conflict” in Colombia: The Trajectory and Trauma Signature of Forced Migration. Curr Psychiatry Rep 16, 475 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-014-0475-7

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