Skip to main content
Log in

Unipolar versus bipolar disorder: A distinction not helpful for studies of causality

  • Invited Commentary
  • Published:
Current Psychiatry Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

References

  1. Falret JP: Marche de la folie. Gazette Hopitaux 1851, 24:18–19.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Baillarger J: De la folie à double-forme. Ann Med Psychol 1854, 6:367–391.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Kraepelin E: Psychiatrie. In Ein Lehrbuch für Studirende und Aerzte. 5, vollst. umgearb. Aufl. Leipzig: J.A. Barth-Verlag; 1896:595–597.

    Google Scholar 

  4. McQueen GM, Hajek T, Alda M: The phenotypes of bipolar disorder: relevance for genetic investigations. Mol Psychiatry 2005, 10:811–826.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Segurado R, Detera-Wadleigh SD, Levinson DF, et al.: Genome scan meta-analysis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, part III; Bipolar disorder. Am J Hum Genet 2003, 73:49–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Fraga MF, Ballestar E, Paz MF, et al.: Epigenetic differences arise during the lifetime of monozygotic twins. PNAS 2005, 102:10604–10609.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Holsboer F, Lauer CJ, Schreiber W, Krieg JC: Altered hypothalamic pituitary-adrenocortical regulation in healthy subjects at high familial risk for depression. Neuroendocrinology 1995, 62:659–664.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Modell S, Lauer CJ, Schreiber W, et al.: Hormonal response pattern in the combined DEX-CRH test is stable over time in subjects at high familial risk for affective disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 1998, 18:253–262.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Schmider J, Lammers C-H, Gotthardt U, et al.: Combined dexamethasone/ corticotropin-releasing hormone text in acute and remitted manic patients, in acute depression, and in normal controls. Biol Psychiatry 1995, 38:797–802.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Watson S, Gallagher P, Ritchie JC, et al.: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in patients with bipolar disorder. Br J Psychiatry 2004, 184:496–502.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Modell S, Huber J, Holsboer F, Lauer CJ: The Munich Vulnerability Study on Affective Disorders: risk factors for unipolarity versus bipolarity. J Affect Disord 2003, 74:173–184.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Sheline YI: Neuroimaging studies of mood disorder effects on the brain. Biol Psychiatry 2003, 54:338–352.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Scott J, Stanton B, Garland A, Ferrier IN: Cognitive vulnerability in patients with bipolar disorder. Psychol Med 2000, 30:467–472.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Riemann D, Voderholzer U, Berger M: Sleep and sleep-wake manipulations in bipolar depression. Neuropsychobiology 2002, 45(Suppl 1):7–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Möller HJ, Nasrallah HA: Treatment of bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2003, 64(Suppl 6):9–17.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Angst J, Sellaro R, Stassen HH, Gamma A: Diagnostic conversion from depression to bipolar disorders: results of a longterm prospective study of hospital admissions. J Affect Disord 2005, 84:149–157.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Mondimore FM: Unipolar depression/bipolar depression: connections and controversies. Int Rev Psychiatry 2005, 17:39–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Holsboer, F. Unipolar versus bipolar disorder: A distinction not helpful for studies of causality. Curr Psychiatry Rep 7, 405–407 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-005-0059-7

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-005-0059-7

Keywords

Navigation