Fig. 1
From: Potential of Kefir-Derived Peptides, Probiotics, and Exopolysaccharides for Osteoporosis Management
The benefits of consuming kefir for bone health and gut microbiome. The intake of kefir provides its key functional elements (bioactive peptides, probiotics, EPS, and other essential nutrients) to deliver osteoprotective effects by modifying pathological gut-bone axis. These osteoprotective advantages might arise from the capabilities of certain bioactive peptides to influence the formation and activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts, as well as the roles of probiotics (and their metabolites, such as SCFAs) and EPS (kefiran) in adjusting the gut microbiota, leading to the reduction of gut inflammation and dysbiosis. This illustration was created in https://BioRender.com