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Restless Sleep Disorder (RSD): a New Sleep Disorder in Children. A Rapid Review

  • Sleep (M. Thorpy and M. Billiard, Section Editors)
  • Published:
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Abstract

Purpose of Review

Restless sleep disorder (RSD) is a recently identified pediatric sleep disorder characterized by frequent movements during sleep associated with daytime symptoms. In this review we summarize the expanding evidence of the clinical presentation of RSD, potential pathophysiology, associated comorbidities, and current treatment options that will help the pediatrician identify children with RSD in a timely manner.

Recent Findings

RSD is diagnosed in 7.7% of children referred evaluated in a pediatric sleep center. Children with RSD present with frequent nightly movements during sleep for at least 3 months, and have daytime symptoms related to poor sleep quality including excessive sleepiness, hyperactivity, irritability among other symptoms. Current evidence shows an increased sympathetic predominance, increased NREM sleep instability, and iron deficiency, as well as increased prevalence in parasomnias and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Summary

Consensus diagnostic criteria were recently published to diagnose RSD and emergent evidence suggests that iron supplementation improves its nighttime and daytime symptoms.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA

    Lourdes M. DelRosso

  2. Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Scientific Institute of Pavia, Via Salvatore Maugeri 10, 27100, Pavia, Italy

    Maria P. Mogavero

  3. Sleep Research Centre, Department of Neurology I.C., Oasi Research Institute - IRCCS, Via Conte Ruggero 73, 94018, Troina, Italy

    Raffaele Ferri

  4. Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Sapienza University, Via dei Marsi 78, 00185, Rome, Italy

    Oliviero Bruni

Authors
  1. Lourdes M. DelRosso
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  2. Maria P. Mogavero
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  3. Raffaele Ferri
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  4. Oliviero Bruni
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design, material preparation, data collection, and analysis. The first draft of the manuscript was written by all authors who also read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Raffaele Ferri.

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This work was partially supported by the Italian Ministry of Health (RC n. 2773798). Dr. Ferri reports personal fees from Jazz Healthcare Italy, outside the submitted work; the other authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

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DelRosso, L.M., Mogavero, M.P., Ferri, R. et al. Restless Sleep Disorder (RSD): a New Sleep Disorder in Children. A Rapid Review. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 22, 395–404 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-022-01200-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-022-01200-y

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