Skip to main content

Sleep-Wake Disorders in Stroke—Increased Stroke Risk and Deteriorated Recovery? An Evaluation on the Necessity for Prevention and Treatment

Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports volume 18, Article number: 72 (2018) Cite this article

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Sleep-wake disorders (SWD) are common not only in the general population but also in stroke patients, in whom SWD may be pre-existent or appear “de novo” as a consequence of brain damage. Despite increasing evidence of a negative impact of SWD on cardiocerebrovascular risk, cognitive functions, and quality of life, SWD are insufficiently considered in the prevention and management of patients with stroke. This narrative review aims at summarizing the current data on the bidirectional link between SWD and stroke.

Recent Findings

Several studies have demonstrated that sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is an independent risk factor for stroke and has a detrimental effect on stroke recovery. Short and long sleep duration and possibly other SWD (e.g., insomnia, circadian rhythm disorders) may also increase the risk of stroke and influence its outcome. Data on SDB treatment increasingly indicate a benefit on stroke risk and evolution while treatment of other SWD is still limited.

Summary

A systematic search for SWD in stroke patients is justified due to their high frequency and their negative impact on stroke outcomes. Clinicians should actively consider available treatment options.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

43,34 €

Price includes VAT (Finland)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Fig. 1

Abbreviations

AHI:

Apnea-hypopnea index

ASV:

Adaptive servoventilation

BDNF:

Brain-derived neurotropic factor

CBT:

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

CBT-I:

Cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia

CI:

Confidence interval

CPAP:

Continuous positive airway pressure

EDS:

Excessive daytime sleepiness

HR:

Hazard ratio

MSFsc:

Mid-sleep on free days corrected for over-sleep on free days

NREM:

Non-rapid eye movement

OR:

Odds ratio

OSA:

Obstructive sleep apnea

PLM:

Periodic limb movements

RBD:

REM sleep behavior disorder

RCTs:

Randomized clinical trials

REM:

Rapid eye movement

RLS:

Restless legs syndrome

SDB:

Sleep-disordered breathing

SMD:

Standardized mean difference

SRMD:

Sleep related movement disorders

SWD:

Sleep-wake disorders

TIA:

Transient ischemic attack

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. Duss SB, Seiler A, Schmidt MH, Pace M, Adamantidis A, Müri RM, et al. The role of sleep in recovery following ischemic stroke: a review of human and animal data. Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms. 2017;2:94–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbscr.2016.11.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Tononi G, Cirelli C. Sleep and the price of plasticity: from synaptic and cellular homeostasis to memory consolidation and integration. Neuron. 2014;81(1):12–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2013.12.025.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Gorgoni M, D'Atri A, Lauri G, Rossini PM, Ferlazzo F, De Gennaro L. Is sleep essential for neural plasticity in humans, and how does it affect motor and cognitive recovery? Neural Plast. 2013;2013:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/103949.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Feigin VL, Lawes CM, Bennett DA, Anderson CS. Stroke epidemiology: a review of population-based studies of incidence, prevalence, and case-fatality in the late 20th century. Lancet Neurol. 2003;2(1):43–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. American Academy of Sleep Medicine, editor. International classification of sleep disorders. 3rd ed.: Darien, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2014.

  6. McNicholas WT. D. Sleep-related breathing disorders. 1. Nosological classification, definitions, epidemiology. In: Bassetti CL, Dogas Z, Peigneux P, editors. Sleep medicine textbook. Regensburg: European Sleep Research Society (ESRS); 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Ohayon MM. Epidemiological overview of sleep disorders in the general population. Sleep Med Res. 2011;2:1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Zhu L, Zee PC. Circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Neurol Clin. 2012;30(4):1167–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncl.2012.08.011.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Gast H, Bassetti CL. G. Parasomnias. 1. Nosological classification, definitions, epidemiology. In: Bassetti CL, Z. D, Peigneux P, editors. Sleep medicine textbook. European Sleep Research Society; 2014. p. 369–75.

  10. •• Glozier N, Moullaali TJ, Sivertsen B, Kim D, Mead G, Jan S, et al. The course and impact of poststroke insomnia in stroke survivors aged 18 to 65 years: results from the psychosocial outcomes in StrokE (POISE) Study. Cerebrovasc Dis Extra. 2017;7(1):9–20. https://doi.org/10.1159/000455751. This prospective study describes the prevalence and impact of post-stroke insomnia on depression, anxiety, and functional disability scores up to 12 months post-stroke.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Kim KT, Moon HJ, Yang JG, Sohn SI, Hong JH, Cho YW. The prevalence and clinical significance of sleep disorders in acute ischemic stroke patients—a questionnaire study. Sleep Breath. 2017;21(3):759–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-016-1454-5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. • Manconi M, Fanfulla F, Ferri R, Miano S, Haba-Rubio J, Heinzer R, et al. Periodic limb movements during sleep in stroke/TIA: prevalence, course, and cardiovascular burden. Neurology. 2018;90(19):e1663–e72. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000005471. The authors compared the prevalence of PLMS in stroke/TIA patients with that in a matched sample of randomly selected healthy controls from the HypnoLaus cohort. PLMS frequency was similar in both groups, and in stroke patients, the prevalence remained stable from the acute to the chronic phase after stroke. Factors positively associated with PLMS were age, body mass index, and history of hypertension.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Seiler A, Camilo M, Korostovtseva L, Haynes A, Brill AK, Horvath T et al. Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing after stroke and TIA: a meta-analysis. submitted.

  14. Bassetti CL. Sleep and Stroke. In: Kryger M, Roth, T., Dement, W.C., editor. Principles and practice of sleep medicine. Elsevier; 2016. p. 903–15.

  15. Hermann DM, Bassetti CL. Role of sleep-disordered breathing and sleep-wake disturbances for stroke and stroke recovery. Neurology. 2016;87(13):1407–16. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000003037.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Pincherle A, Pace M, Sarasso S, Facchin L, Dreier JP, Bassetti CL. Sleep, preconditioning and stroke. Stroke. 2017;48(12):3400–7. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.018796.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Dong JY, Zhang YH, Qin LQ. Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular risk: meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Atherosclerosis. 2013;229(2):489–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.04.026.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Kendzerska T, Mollayeva T, Gershon AS, Leung RS, Hawker G, Tomlinson G. Untreated obstructive sleep apnea and the risk for serious long-term adverse outcomes: a systematic review. Sleep Med Rev. 2014;18(1):49–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2013.01.003.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Li M, Hou WS, Zhang XW, Tang ZY. Obstructive sleep apnea and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Int J Cardiol. 2014;172(2):466–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.12.230.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Wang X, Ouyang Y, Wang Z, Zhao G, Liu L, Bi Y. Obstructive sleep apnea and risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Int J Cardiol. 2013;169(3):207–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.08.088.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Loke YK, Brown JW, Kwok CS, Niruban A, Myint PK. Association of obstructive sleep apnea with risk of serious cardiovascular events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2012;5(5):720–8. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.111.964783.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Chang CC, Chuang HC, Lin CL, Sung FC, Chang YJ, Hsu CY, et al. High incidence of stroke in young women with sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep Med. 2014;15(4):410–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2013.12.011.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Lamberts M, Nielsen OW, Lip GY, Ruwald MH, Christiansen CB, Kristensen SL, et al. Cardiovascular risk in patients with sleep apnoea with or without continuous positive airway pressure therapy: follow-up of 4.5 million Danish adults. J Intern Med. 2014;276(6):659–66. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.12302.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Stone KL, Blackwell TL, Ancoli-Israel S, Barrett-Connor E, Bauer DC, Cauley JA, et al. Sleep disordered breathing and risk of stroke in older community-dwelling men. Sleep. 2016;39(3):531–40. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.5520.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Birkbak J, Clark AJ, Rod NH. The effect of sleep disordered breathing on the outcome of stroke and transient ischemic attack: a systematic review. J Clin Sleep Med. 2014;10(1):103–8. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.3376.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Xie W, Zheng F, Song X. Obstructive sleep apnea and serious adverse outcomes in patients with cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease: a PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2014;93(29):e336. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000000336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Johnson KG, Johnson DC. Frequency of sleep apnea in stroke and TIA patients: a meta-analysis. J Clin Sleep Med. 2010;6(2):131–7.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Dong R, Dong Z, Liu H, Shi F, Du J. Prevalence, risk factors, outcomes, and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in patients with cerebrovascular disease: a systematic review. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2018;27:1471–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.12.048.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Hermann DM, Siccoli M, Kirov P, Gugger M, Bassetti CL. Central periodic breathing during sleep in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2007;38(3):1082–4. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000258105.58221.9a.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Bravata DM, Concato J, Fried T, Ranjbar N, Sadarangani T, McClain V, et al. Continuous positive airway pressure: evaluation of a novel therapy for patients with acute ischemic stroke. Sleep Breath. 2011;34(9):1271–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Parra O, Arboix ABS, García-Eroles L, Montserrat JM, López JA, Ballester E, et al. Time course of sleep-related breathing disorders in first-ever stroke or transient ischemic attack. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161:375–80.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Harbison J, Ford GA, James OF, Gibson GJ. Sleep-disordered breathing following acute stroke. QJM. 2002;95(11):741–7.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Bassetti CL, Milanova M, Gugger M. Sleep-disordered breathing and acute ischemic stroke: diagnosis, risk factors, treatment, evolution, and long-term clinical outcome. Stroke. 2006;37(4):967–72. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000208215.49243.c3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Brown DL, McDermott M, Mowla A, De Lott L, Morgenstern LB, Kerber KA, et al. Brainstem infarction and sleep-disordered breathing in the BASIC sleep apnea study. Sleep Med. 2014;15(8):887–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2014.04.003.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Siccoli MM, Valko PO, Hermann DM, Bassetti CL. Central periodic breathing during sleep in 74 patients with acute ischemic stroke—neurogenic and cardiogenic factors. J Neurol. 2008;255(11):1687–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-008-0981-9.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Ciccone A, Proserpio P, Roccatagliata DV, Nichelatti M, Gigli GL, Parati G, et al. Wake-up stroke and TIA due to paradoxical embolism during long obstructive sleep apnoeas: a cross-sectional study. Thorax. 2013;68(1):97–104. https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-201643.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Lipford MC, Flemming KD, Calvin AD, Mandrekar J, Brown RD Jr, Somers VK, et al. Associations between cardioembolic stroke and obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep. 2015;38(11):1699–705. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.5146.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Heinzer R, Marti-Soler H, Haba-Rubio J. Prevalence of sleep apnoea syndrome in the middle to old age general population. Lancet Respir Med. 2016;4(2):e5–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(16)00006-0.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Kepplinger J, Barlinn K, Albright KC, Schrempf W, Boehme AK, Pallesen LP, et al. Early sleep apnea screening on a stroke unit is feasible in patients with acute cerebral ischemia. J Neurol. 2013;260(5):1343–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-012-6803-0.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Boulos MI, Elias S, Wan A, Im J, Frankul F, Atalla M, et al. Unattended hospital and home sleep apnea testing following cerebrovascular events. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2017;26(1):143–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.09.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Rola R, Wierzbicka A, Wichniak A, Jernajczyk W, Richter P, Ryglewicz D. Sleep related breathing disorders in patients with ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attacks: respiratory and clinical correlations. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2007;58(Suppl 5(Pt 2)):575–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Kernan WN, Ovbiagele B, Black HR, Bravata DM, Chimowitz MI, Ezekowitz MD, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2014;45(7):2160–236. https://doi.org/10.1161/STR.0000000000000024.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Yaggi HK, Concato J, Kernan WN, Lichtman JH, Brass LM, Mohsenin V. Obstructive sleep apnea as a risk factor for stroke and death. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(19):2034–41. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa043104.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Sahlin C, Sandberg O, Gustafson Y, Bucht G, Carlberg B, Stenlund H, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea is a risk factor for death in patients with stroke: a 10-year follow-up. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(3):297–301. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2007.70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Redline S, Yenokyan G, Gottlieb DJ, Shahar E, O'Connor GT, Resnick HE, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea and incident stroke: the sleep heart health study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;182(2):269–77. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200911-1746OC.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Jonas DE, Amick HR, Feltner C, Weber RP, Arvanitis M, Stine A, et al. Screening for obstructive sleep apnea in adults: evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2017;317(4):415–33. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.19635.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Kaneko Y, Hajek VE, Zivanovic V, Raboud J, Bradley TD. Relationship of sleep apnea to functional capacity and length of hospitalization following stroke. Sleep. 2003;26(3):293–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Parra O, Arboix A, Bechich S, Garcia-Eroles L, Montserrat JM, Lopez JA, et al. Time course of sleep-related breathing disorders in first-ever stroke or transient ischemic attack. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161(2 Pt 1):375–80. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.161.2.9903139.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Aaronson JA, van Bennekom CA, Hofman WF, van Bezeij T, van den Aardweg JG, Groet E, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea is related to impaired cognitive and functional status after stroke. Sleep. 2015;38(9):1431–7. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.4984.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. •• Brill AK, Horvath T, Seiler A, Camilo M, Haynes AG, Ott SR, et al. CPAP as treatment of sleep apnea after stroke: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Neurology. 2018;90(14):e1222–e30. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000005262. In a meta-analysis of 10 RCTs, the authors found an overall neurofunctional improvement with CPAP (SMD, 0.5406; 95% CI, 0.0263–1.0548) in the combined analysis of the neurofunctional scales (NIH Stroke Scale and Canadian Neurological Scale) but with a considerable heterogeneity across the studies.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Brill AK, Rosti R, Hefti JP, Bassetti C, Gugger M, Ott SR. Adaptive servo-ventilation as treatment of persistent central sleep apnea in post-acute ischemic stroke patients. Sleep Med. 2014;15(11):1309–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2014.06.013.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. McEvoy RD, Antic NA, Heeley E, Luo Y, Ou Q, Zhang X, et al. CPAP for prevention of cardiovascular events in obstructive sleep apnea. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(10):919–31. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1606599.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Javaheri S, Barbe F, Campos-Rodriguez F, Dempsey JA, Khayat R, Javaheri S, et al. Sleep apnea: types, mechanisms, and clinical cardiovascular consequences. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69(7):841–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2016.11.069.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Kim Y, Koo YS, Lee HY, Lee SY. Can continuous positive airway pressure reduce the risk of stroke in obstructive sleep apnea patients? A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2016;11(1):e0146317. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0146317.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Tsivgoulis G, Alexandrov AV, Katsanos AH, Barlinn K, Mikulik R, Lambadiari V, et al. Noninvasive ventilatory correction in patients with acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke. 2017;48(8):2285–8. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.017661.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Parra O, Sanchez-Armengol A, Capote F, Bonnin M, Arboix A, Campos-Rodriguez F et al. Efficacy of continuous positive airway pressure treatment on 5-year survival in patients with ischaemic stroke and obstructive sleep apnea: a randomized controlled trial. J Sleep Res. 2015;24(1):47–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Cereda CW, Petrini L, Azzola A, Ciccone A, Fischer U, Gallino A, et al. Sleep-disordered breathing in acute ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack: effects on short- and long-term outcome and efficacy of treatment with continuous positive airways pressure—rationale and design of the SAS CARE study. Int J Stroke. 2012;7(7):597–603. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4949.2012.00836.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Yin J, Jin X, Shan Z, Li S, Huang H, Li P, et al. Relationship of sleep duration with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(9) https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.005947.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Li W, Wang D, Cao S, Yin X, Gong Y, Gan Y, et al. Sleep duration and risk of stroke events and stroke mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Int J Cardiol. 2016;223:870–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.08.302.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. •• He Q, Sun H, Wu X, Zhang P, Dai H, Ai C, et al. Sleep duration and risk of stroke: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Sleep Med. 2017;32:66–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2016.12.012. The anlysis of 16 prospective studies enrolling 528,653 participants with 12,193 stroke events revealed a J-shaped association between sleep duration and total stroke with the lowest risk observed in individuals sleeping for 7 h.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Itani O, Jike M, Watanabe N, Kaneita Y. Short sleep duration and health outcomes: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Sleep Med. 2017;32:246–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2016.08.006.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Jike M, Itani O, Watanabe N, Buysse DJ, Kaneita Y. Long sleep duration and health outcomes: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. Sleep Med Rev. 2018;39:25–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2017.06.011.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Leng Y, Cappuccio FP, Wainwright NW, Surtees PG, Luben R, Brayne C, et al. Sleep duration and risk of fatal and nonfatal stroke: a prospective study and meta-analysis. Neurology. 2015;84(11):1072–9. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000001371.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Pan A, De Silva DA, Yuan JM, Koh WP. Sleep duration and risk of stroke mortality among Chinese adults: Singapore Chinese health study. Stroke. 2014;45(6):1620–5. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.114.005181.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Taheri S, Lin L, Austin D, Young T, Mignot E. Short sleep duration is associated with reduced leptin, elevated ghrelin, and increased body mass index. PLoS Med. 2004;1(3):e62. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0010062.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Grandner MA, Drummond SP. Who are the long sleepers? Towards an understanding of the mortality relationship. Sleep Med Rev. 2007;11(5):341–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2007.03.010.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Gao B, Cam E, Jaeger H, Zunzunegui C, Sarnthein J, Bassetti CL. Sleep disruption aggravates focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. Sleep. 2010;33(7):879–87.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. • Hodor A, Palchykova S, Baracchi F, Noain D, Bassetti CL. Baclofen facilitates sleep, neuroplasticity, and recovery after stroke in rats. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2014;1(10):765–77. https://doi.org/10.1002/acn3.115. The authors found that repeated treatment with the slow-wave-sleep-enhancing drug baclofen in rats after ischemia improved sleep, neuroplasticity, and recovery of motor function, but not the size of brain damage. NREM sleep amount was increased significantly during the dark phase in the verum group. These findings support the hypothesis of the role of sleep as a modulator of post-stroke recovery.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Cam E, Gao B, Imbach L, Hodor A, Bassetti CL. Sleep deprivation before stroke is neuroprotective: a pre-ischemic conditioning related to sleep rebound. Exp Neurol. 2013;247:673–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.03.003.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Pace M, Adamantidis A, Facchin L, Bassetti C. Role of REM sleep, melanin concentrating hormone and orexin/hypocretin systems in the sleep deprivation pre-ischemia. PLoS One. 2017;12(1):e0168430. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168430.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Zunzunegui C, Gao B, Cam E, Hodor A, Bassetti CL. Sleep disturbance impairs stroke recovery in the rat. Sleep. 2011;34(9):1261–9. https://doi.org/10.5665/SLEEP.1252.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. He Q, Zhang P, Li G, Dai H, Shi J. The association between insomnia symptoms and risk of cardio-cerebral vascular events: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2017;24(10):1071–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487317702043.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Helbig AK, Stockl D, Heier M, Ladwig KH, Meisinger C. Symptoms of insomnia and sleep duration and their association with incident strokes: findings from the population-based MONICA/KORA Augsburg Cohort Study. PLoS One. 2015;10(7):e0134480. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0134480.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Westerlund A, Bellocco R, Sundstrom J, Adami HO, Akerstedt T, Trolle LY. Sleep characteristics and cardiovascular events in a large Swedish cohort. Eur J Epidemiol. 2013;28(6):463–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-013-9802-2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Kalmbach DA, Pillai V, Arnedt JT, Drake CL. DSM-5 insomnia and short sleep: comorbidity landscape and racial disparities. Sleep. 2016;39(12):2101–11. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.6306.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Wu MP, Lin HJ, Weng SF, Ho CH, Wang JJ, Hsu YW. Insomnia subtypes and the subsequent risks of stroke: report from a nationally representative cohort. Stroke. 2014;45(5):1349–54. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.003675.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Vgontzas AN, Fernandez-Mendoza J, Liao D, Bixler EO. Insomnia with objective short sleep duration: the most biologically severe phenotype of the disorder. Sleep Med Rev. 2013;17(4):241–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2012.09.005.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. Leppavuori A, Pohjasvaara T, Vataja R, Kaste M, Erkinjuntti T. Insomnia in ischemic stroke patients. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2002;14(2):90–7. https://doi.org/10.1159/000064737.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Kim KT, Moon HJ, Yang JG, Sohn SI, Hong JH, Cho YW. The prevalence and clinical significance of sleep disorders in acute ischemic stroke patients - a questionnaire study. Sleep Breath. 2017;21(3):759-65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-016-1454-5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Tang WK, Grace Lau C, Mok V, Ungvari GS, Wong KS. Insomnia and health-related quality of life in stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2015;22(3):201–7. https://doi.org/10.1179/1074935714Z.0000000026.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Da Rocha PC, Barroso MT, Dantas AA, Melo LP, Campos TF. Predictive factors of subjective sleep quality and insomnia complaint in patients with stroke: implications for clinical practice. An Acad Bras Cienc. 2013;85(3):1197–206. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0001-37652013005000053.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Chen YK, Lu JY, Mok VC, Ungvari GS, Chu WC, Wong KS, et al. Clinical and radiologic correlates of insomnia symptoms in ischemic stroke patients. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2011;26(5):451–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.2547.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Joa KL, Kim WH, Choi HY, Park CH, Kim ES, Lee SJ, et al. The effect of sleep disturbances on the functional recovery of rehabilitation inpatients following mild and moderate stroke. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2017;96(10):734–40. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000000744.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Riemann D, Baglioni C, Bassetti C, Bjorvatn B, Dolenc Groselj L, Ellis JG, et al. European guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia. J Sleep Res. 2017;26(6):675–700. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12594.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Nguyen S, Wong D, McKay A, Rajaratnam SMW, Spitz G, Williams G, et al. Cognitive behavioural therapy for post-stroke fatigue and sleep disturbance: a pilot randomised controlled trial with blind assessment. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2017:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2017.1326945.

  86. • Herron K, Farquharson L, Wroe A, Sterr A. Development and evaluation of a cognitive behavioural intervention for chronic post-stroke insomnia. Behav Cogn Psychother. 2018:1–20. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465818000061. This study develops and tests the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in post-stroke patients. It demonstrates its feasiblity and effectivness in a small sample of five community-dwelling participants with post-stroke insomnia.

  87. Hiu T, Farzampour Z, Paz JT, Wang EH, Badgely C, Olson A, et al. Enhanced phasic GABA inhibition during the repair phase of stroke: a novel therapeutic target. Brain. 2016;139(Pt 2):468–80. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awv360.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Oh MK, Yoon KJ, Lee YT, Chae SW, Choi HY, Shin HS, et al. Effect of zolpidem on functional recovery in a rat model of ischemic stroke. J Int Med Res. 2018;46(1):249–57. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060517723799.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Seibt J, Aton SJ, Jha SK, Coleman T, Dumoulin MC, Frank MG. The non-benzodiazepine hypnotic zolpidem impairs sleep-dependent cortical plasticity. Sleep. 2008;31(10):1381–91.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  90. Huang WS, Tsai CH, Lin CC, Muo CH, Sung FC, Chang YJ, et al. Relationship between zolpidem use and stroke risk: a Taiwanese population-based case-control study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74(5):e433–8. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.12m08181.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Palomaki H, Berg A, Meririnne E, Kaste M, Lonnqvist R, Lehtihalmes M, et al. Complaints of poststroke insomnia and its treatment with mianserin. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2003;15(1–2):56–62. https://doi.org/10.1159/000067127.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Boden-Albala B, Roberts ET, Bazil C, Moon Y, Elkind MS, Rundek T, et al. Daytime sleepiness and risk of stroke and vascular disease: findings from the Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS). Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2012;5(4):500–7. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.111.963801.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  93. Blachier M, Dauvilliers Y, Jaussent I, Helmer C, Ritchie K, Jouven X, et al. Excessive daytime sleepiness and vascular events: the Three City Study. Ann Neurol. 2012;71(5):661–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.22656.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Ding Q, Whittemore R, Redeker N. Excessive daytime sleepiness in stroke survivors: an integrative review. Biol Res Nurs. 2016;18(4):420–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/1099800415625285.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Bassetti CL, Valko P. Poststroke hypersomnia. Sleep Med Clin. 2006;1:139–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Grade C, Redford B, Chrostowski J, Toussaint L, Blackwell B. Methylphenidate in early poststroke recovery: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1998;79(9):1047–50.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Scheidtmann K, Fries W, Muller F, Koenig E. Effect of levodopa in combination with physiotherapy on functional motor recovery after stroke: a prospective, randomised, double-blind study. Lancet. 2001;358(9284):787–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05966-9.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Walker-Batson D, Mehta J, Smith P, Johnson M. Amphetamine and other pharmacological agents in human and animal studies of recovery from stroke. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2016;64:225–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.04.002.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Hermann DM, Siccoli M, Brugger P, Wachter K, Mathis J, Achermann P, et al. Evolution of neurological, neuropsychological and sleep-wake disturbances after paramedian thalamic stroke. Stroke. 2008;39(1):62–8. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.494955.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Sterr A, Herron K, Dijk DJ, Ellis J. Time to wake-up: sleep problems and daytime sleepiness in long-term stroke survivors. Brain Inj. 2008;22(7–8):575–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699050802189727.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Harris AL, Elder J, Schiff ND, Victor JD, Goldfine AM. Post-stroke apathy and hypersomnia lead to worse outcomes from acute rehabilitation. Transl Stroke Res. 2014;5(2):292–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12975-013-0293-y.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Hannerz H, Albertsen K, Nielsen ML, Tuchsen F, Burr H. Occupational factors and 5-year weight change among men in a Danish national cohort. Health Psychol. 2004;23(3):283–8. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.23.3.283.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Ellingsen T, Bener A, Gehani AA. Study of shift work and risk of coronary events. J R Soc Promot Heal. 2007;127(6):265–7.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Suwazono Y, Dochi M, Sakata K, Okubo Y, Oishi M, Tanaka K, et al. A longitudinal study on the effect of shift work on weight gain in male Japanese workers. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008;16(8):1887–93. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2008.298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Suwazono Y, Dochi M, Oishi M, Tanaka K, Kobayashi E, Sakata K. Shiftwork and impaired glucose metabolism: a 14-year cohort study on 7104 male workers. Chronobiol Int. 2009;26(5):926–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/07420520903044422.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Kawachi I, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Manson JE, Speizer FE, et al. Prospective study of shift work and risk of coronary heart disease in women. Circulation. 1995;92(11):3178–82.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Hermansson J, Gillander Gadin K, Karlsson B, Lindahl B, Stegmayr B, Knutsson A. Ischemic stroke and shift work. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2007;33(6):435–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Brown DL, Feskanich D, Sanchez BN, Rexrode KM, Schernhammer ES, Lisabeth LD. Rotating night shift work and the risk of ischemic stroke. Am J Epidemiol. 2009;169(11):1370–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwp056.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  109. Vyas MV, Garg AX, Iansavichus AV, Costella J, Donner A, Laugsand LE, et al. Shift work and vascular events: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2012;345:e4800. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e4800.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  110. Sipila JO, Ruuskanen JO, Rautava P, Kyto V. Changes in ischemic stroke occurrence following daylight saving time transitions. Sleep Med. 2016;27-28:20–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2016.10.009.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Takekawa H, Miyamoto M, Miyamoto T, Yokota N, Hirata K. Alteration of circadian periodicity in core body temperatures of patients with acute stroke. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2002;56(3):221–2. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1819.2002.00994.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Beloosesky Y, Grinblat J, Laudon M, Grosman B, Streifler JY, Zisapel N. Melatonin rhythms in stroke patients. Neurosci Lett. 2002;319(2):103–6.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Kantermann T, Meisel A, Fitzthum K, Penzel T, Fietze I, Ulm L. Changes in chronotype after stroke: a pilot study. Front Neurol. 2014;5:287. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2014.00287.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Cosin C, Sibon I, Poli M, Allard M, Debruxelles S, Renou P, et al. Circadian sleep/wake rhythm abnormalities as a risk factor of a poststroke apathy. Int J Stroke. 2015;10(5):710–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijs.12433.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. West A, Jennum P, Simonsen SA, Sander B, Pavlova M, Iversen HK. Impact of naturalistic lighting on hospitalized stroke patients in a rehabilitation unit: design and measurement. Chronobiol Int. 2017;34(6):687–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/07420528.2017.1314300.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Elliott WJ. Circadian variation in the timing of stroke onset: a meta-analysis. Stroke. 1998;29(5):992–6.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Raj K, Bhatia R, Prasad K, Srivastava MV, Vishnubhatla S, Singh MB. Seasonal differences and circadian variation in stroke occurrence and stroke subtypes. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2015;24(1):10–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2014.07.051.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Chaturvedi S, Adams HP Jr, Woolson RF. Circadian variation in ischemic stroke subtypes. Stroke. 1999;30(9):1792–5.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Lago A, Geffner D, Tembl J, Landete L, Valero C, Baquero M. Circadian variation in acute ischemic stroke: a hospital-based study. Stroke. 1998;29(9):1873–5.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Atkinson G, Jones H, Ainslie PN. Circadian variation in the circulatory responses to exercise: relevance to the morning peaks in strokes and cardiac events. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010;108(1):15–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-009-1243-y.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Winter AC, Berger K, Glynn RJ, Buring JE, Gaziano JM, Schurks M et al. Vascular risk factors, cardiovascular disease, and restless legs syndrome in men. Am J Med. 2013;126((3):228–35):35 e1–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2012.06.039.

    PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  122. Lin CH, Sy HN, Chang HW, Liou HH, Lin CY, Wu VC, et al. Restless legs syndrome is associated with cardio/cerebrovascular events and mortality in end-stage renal disease. Eur J Neurol. 2015;22(1):142–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.12545.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Szentkiralyi A, Volzke H, Hoffmann W, Happe S, Berger K. A time sequence analysis of the relationship between cardiovascular risk factors, vascular diseases and restless legs syndrome in the general population. J Sleep Res. 2013;22(4):434–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12040.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Cholley-Roulleau M, Chenini S, Beziat S, Guiraud L, Jaussent I, Dauvilliers Y. Restless legs syndrome and cardiovascular diseases: a case-control study. PLoS One. 2017;12(4):e0176552. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176552.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  125. Boulos MI, Murray BJ, Muir RT, Gao F, Szilagyi GM, Huroy M, et al. Periodic limb movements and white matter hyperintensities in first-ever minor stroke or high-risk transient ischemic attack. Sleep. 2017;40(3) https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsw080.

  126. Winter AC, Schurks M, Glynn RJ, Buring JE, Gaziano JM, Berger K, et al. Restless legs syndrome and risk of incident cardiovascular disease in women and men: prospective cohort study. BMJ Open. 2012;2(2):e000866. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2012-000866.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  127. Medeiros CA, de Bruin PF, Paiva TR, Coutinho WM, Ponte RP, de Bruin VM. Clinical outcome after acute ischaemic stroke: the influence of restless legs syndrome. Eur J Neurol. 2011;18(1):144–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03099.x.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Lee SJ, Kim JS, Song IU, An JY, Kim YI, Lee KS. Poststroke restless legs syndrome and lesion location: anatomical considerations. Mov Disord. 2009;24(1):77–84. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.22303.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Woo HG, Lee D, Hwang KJ, Ahn TB. Post-stroke restless leg syndrome and periodic limb movements in sleep. Acta Neurol Scand. 2017;135(2):204–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/ane.12582.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Sechi G, Agnetti V, Galistu P, Murgia B, Marrosu F, Puligheddu M, et al. Restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movements after ischemic stroke in the right lenticulostriate region. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2008;14(2):157–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2007.02.004.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Unrath A, Kassubek J. Symptomatic restless leg syndrome after lacunar stroke: a lesion study. Mov Disord. 2006;21(11):2027–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.21107.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Benbir G, Karadeniz D. Periodic leg movements in sleep in patients with supratentorial cerebral infarction. Acta Neurol Belg. 2012;112(1):27–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13760-011-0002-0.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Coelho FM, Georgsson H, Narayansingh M, Swartz RH, Murray BJ. Higher prevalence of periodic limb movements of sleep in patients with history of stroke. J Clin Sleep Med. 2010;6(5):428–30.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  134. Kim JS, Lee SB, Park SK, Han SR, Kim YI, Lee KS. Periodic limb movement during sleep developed after pontine lesion. Mov Disord. 2003;18(11):1403–5. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.10517.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Kizilay F, Ozkaynak S, Hatipoglu E, Annac C, Gungor H, Uysal H. Periodic limb movement during sleep following cerebellar infarct. Acta Neurol Belg. 2010;110(3):284–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Schipper MH, Jellema K, Alvarez-Estevez D, Verbraecken J, Rijsman RM. Sleep-related leg movements in patients with transient ischemic attack and controls. Eur Neurol. 2018;79(3–4):171–6. https://doi.org/10.1159/000487666.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Ma C, Pavlova M, Liu Y, Liu Y, Huangfu C, Wu S, et al. Probable REM sleep behavior disorder and risk of stroke: a prospective study. Neurology. 2017;88(19):1849–55. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000003902.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  138. Frauscher B, Jennum P, Ju YE, Postuma RB, Arnulf I, Cochen De Cock V, et al. Comorbidity and medication in REM sleep behavior disorder: a multicenter case-control study. Neurology. 2014;82(12):1076–9. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000000247.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  139. Tang WK, Hermann DM, Chen YK, Liang HJ, Liu XX, Chu WC, et al. Brainstem infarcts predict REM sleep behavior disorder in acute ischemic stroke. BMC Neurol. 2014;14:88. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2377-14-88.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  140. Peter A, Hansen ML, Merkl A, Voigtlander S, Bajbouj M, Danker-Hopfe H. REM sleep behavior disorder and excessive startle reaction to visual stimuli in a patient with pontine lesions. Sleep Med. 2008;9(6):697–700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2007.10.009.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Reynolds TQ, Roy A. Isolated cataplexy and REM sleep behavior disorder after pontine stroke. J Clin Sleep Med. 2011;7(2):211–3.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  142. St Louis EK, McCarter SJ, Boeve BF, Silber MH, Kantarci K, Benarroch EE, et al. Lesional REM sleep behavior disorder localizes to the dorsomedial pons. Neurology. 2014;83(20):1871–3. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000000978.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  143. Xi Z, Luning W. REM sleep behavior disorder in a patient with pontine stroke. Sleep Med. 2009;10(1):143–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2007.12.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Kimura K, Tachibana N, Kohyama J, Otsuka Y, Fukazawa S, Waki R. A discrete pontine ischemic lesion could cause REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology. 2000;55(6):894–5.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Bassetti CL. Sleep and stroke. Semin Neurol. 2005;25(1):19–32. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-867073.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Boller F, Wright DG, Cavalieri R, Mitsumoto H. Paroxysmal “nightmares”. Sequel of a stroke responsive to diphenylhydantoin. Neurology. 1975;25(11):1026–8.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Bischof M, Bassetti CL. Total dream loss: a distinct neuropsychological dysfunction after bilateral PCA stroke. Ann Neurol. 2004;56(4):583–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.20246.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Moldovan M, Constantinescu AO, Balseanu A, Oprescu N, Zagrean L, Popa-Wagner A. Sleep deprivation attenuates experimental stroke severity in rats. Exp Neurol. 2010;222(1):135–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.12.023.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Carmichael ST, Chesselet MF. Synchronous neuronal activity is a signal for axonal sprouting after cortical lesions in the adult. J Neurosci. 2002;22(14):6062–70.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  150. Pace M, Camilo M, Seiler A, Duss SB, Mathis J, Manconi M et al. REM sleep as predictor of functional outcome after stroke: a translational study. Sleep. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsy138.

  151. Toth LA, Bhargava P. Animal models of sleep disorders. Comp Med. 2013;63(2):91–104.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  152. Dumitrascu R, Heitmann J, Seeger W, Weissmann N, Schulz R. Obstructive sleep apnea, oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease: lessons from animal studies. Oxidative Med Cell Longev. 2013;2013:234631–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/234631.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  153. Gozal D, Daniel JM, Dohanich GP. Behavioral and anatomical correlates of chronic episodic hypoxia during sleep in the rat. J Neurosci. 2001;21(7):2442–50.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  154. Row BW. Intermittent hypoxia and cognitive function: implications from chronic animal models. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2007;618:51–67.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Revel FG, Gottowik J, Gatti S, Wettstein JG, Moreau JL. Rodent models of insomnia: a review of experimental procedures that induce sleep disturbances. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2009;33(6):874–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.03.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Cano G, Mochizuki T, Saper CB. Neural circuitry of stress-induced insomnia in rats. J Neurosci. 2008;28(40):10167–84. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1809-08.2008.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  157. Ondo WG, Zhao HR, Le WD. Animal models of restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med. 2007;8(4):344–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2007.03.010.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Guo CN, Yang WJ, Zhan SQ, Yang XF, Chen MC, Fuller PM, et al. Targeted disruption of supraspinal motor circuitry reveals a distributed network underlying restless legs syndrome (RLS)-like movements in the rat. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):9905. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-10284-3.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This work was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (Grant 320030_149752, Grant 33IC30_166827).

Author information

Author notes

  1. Simone B. Duss and Anne-Kathrin Brill contributed equally to this work.

Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology, Bern University Hospital (Inselspital) and University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 18, 3010, Bern, Switzerland

    Simone B. Duss, Panagiotis Bargiotas, Filip Alexiev, Mauro Manconi & Claudio L. Bassetti

  2. Interdisciplinary Sleep-Wake-Epilepsy-Center, Bern University Hospital (Inselspital) and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

    Simone B. Duss, Anne-Kathrin Brill, Panagiotis Bargiotas, Filip Alexiev & Claudio L. Bassetti

  3. Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Bern University Hospital (Inselspital) and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

    Anne-Kathrin Brill

  4. Center for Experimental Neurology (ZEN), Bern University Hospital (Inselspital) and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

    Laura Facchin & Claudio L. Bassetti

  5. Sleep and Epilepsy Center, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Civic Hospital of Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland

    Mauro Manconi

  6. Department of Neurology, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russian Federation

    Claudio L. Bassetti

Authors
  1. Simone B. Duss
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Anne-Kathrin Brill
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Panagiotis Bargiotas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Laura Facchin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Filip Alexiev
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Mauro Manconi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Claudio L. Bassetti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Claudio L. Bassetti.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

Simone B. Duss, Anne-Kathrin Brill, Panagiotis Bargiotas, Laura Facchin, Filip Alexiev, Mauro Manconi, and Claudio L. Bassetti declare no conflict of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

This article is part of the Topical collection on Stroke

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Duss, S.B., Brill, AK., Bargiotas, P. et al. Sleep-Wake Disorders in Stroke—Increased Stroke Risk and Deteriorated Recovery? An Evaluation on the Necessity for Prevention and Treatment. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 18, 72 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-018-0879-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-018-0879-6

Keywords

  • Stroke
  • Sleep-disordered breathing
  • Sleepiness
  • Insomnia
  • Sleep duration
  • Risk
  • Outcome