Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Integrating Patient Concerns into Parkinson’s Disease Management

  • Movement Disorders (SH Fox, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complex motor and non-motor disorder and management is often challenging. In this review, we explore emerging approaches to improve the care of patients, drawing from the literature regarding patient-centred care, patient and caregiver perspectives and priorities, gaps in knowledge among patients and caregivers and the need for accurate information, individual variability in disease manifestations, prognostication of disease course, new developments in health technologies and personalized medicine, specialty care, pharmacological and non-pharmacological management, financial burden, lifestyle and work-related issues, support groups and palliative care.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. Politis M, Wu K, Molloy S, Bain PG, Chaudhuri KR, Piccini P. Parkinson’s disease symptoms: the patient’s perspective. Mov Disord. 2010;25:1646–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Lim SY, Lang AE. The nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease: an overview. Mov Disord. 2010;25:S123–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Barone P, Antonini A, Colosimo C, PRIAMO study group, et al. The PRIAMO Study: a multicenter assessment of nonmotor symptoms and their impact on quality of life in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2009;24:1641–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Martinez-Martin P, Schapira AHV, Stocchi F, et al. Prevalence of nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease in an international setting; study using nonmotor symptoms questionnaire in 545 patients. Mov Disord. 2007;22:1623–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Ceravolo R, Cossu G, Bandettini di Poggio M, et al. Neuropathy and levodopa in Parkinson’s disease: evidence from a multicenter study. Mov Disord. 2013;28:1391–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Shahrizaila N, Mahamad UA, Yap AC, Choo YM, Marras C, Lim SY. Is chronic levodopa therapy associated with distal symmetric polyneuropathy in Parkinson’s disease? Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2013;19:391–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Hassan A, Wu SS, Schmidt P, et al. What are the issues facing Parkinson’s disease patients at ten years of disease and beyond? Data from the NPF-QII Study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2012;18:S10–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Menza M. The personality associated with Parkinson’s disease. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2000;2:421–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Dugger BN, Adler CH, Shill HA, et al. Concomitant pathologies among a spectrum of parkinsonian disorders. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014;20:525–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. •• Williams-Gray CH, Mason SL, Evans JR, et al. The CamPaIGN study of Parkinson’s disease: 10-year outlook in an incident population-based cohort. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013;84:1258–64. This long-term (10-year) follow-up study of community-based patients with incident PD provides useful information regarding the “natural” history of PD.

  11. Auyeung M, Tsoi TH, Mok V, et al. Ten year survival and outcomes in a prospective cohort of new onset Chinese Parkinson’s disease patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012;83:607–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Hauser RA, Auinger P, Oakes D, et al. Levodopa response in early Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2009;24:2328–36.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Fasano A, Visanji NP, Liu LWC, Lang AE, Pfeiffer RF. Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14:625–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Tan AH, Mahadeva S, Marras C, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with worse severity of Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2015;21:221–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Davidson MB, McGhee DJM, Counsell CE. Comparison of patient rated treatment response with measured improvement in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012;83:1001–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Lim SY, Fox SH, Lang AE. Overview of the extranigral aspects of Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol. 2009;66:167–72.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Breen KC, Drutyte G. Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease: the patient’s perspective. J Neural Transm. 2013;120:531–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Lim SY, Evans AH, Miyasaki JM. Impulse control and related disorders in Parkinson’s disease: review. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2008;1142:85–107.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Weintraub D, Koester J, Potenza MN, et al. Impulse control disorders in Parkinson disease: a cross-sectional study of 3090 patients. Arch Neurol. 2010;67:589–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Gage H, Hendricks A, Zhang S, Kazis L. The relative health related quality of life of veterans with Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;74:163–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Fargel M, Grobe B, Oesterle E, Hastedt C, Rupp M. Treatment of Parkinson’s disease: a survey of patients and neurologists. Clin Drug Invest. 2007;27:207–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. •• van der Eijk M, Nijhuis FAP, Faber MJ, Bloem BR. Moving from physician-centered care towards patient-centered care for Parkinson’s disease patients. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2013;19:923–7. This point-of-view article discusses the advantages of (and barriers to) adopting a more ‘patient-centred care’ approach in PD.

  23. Lee JMZ, Shine JM, Lewis SJG. What matters to people with Parkinson’s disease living in Australia? J Clin Neurosci. 2015;22:338–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. • Kim HJ, Jeon B. How close are we to individualized medicine for Parkinson’s disease? Expert Rev Neurother. 2016;16:815–30. This is a review of the literature on personalized medicine in PD as it pertains to genetic/pharmacogenomic aspects.

  25. Puschmann A, Brighina L, Markopoulou K, et al. Clinically meaningful parameters of progression and long-term outcome of Parkinson disease: an international consensus statement. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2015;21:675–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Bauman AE, Fardy HJ, Harris PG. Getting it right: why bother with patient-centred care? Med J Aust. 2003;179:253–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Grosset KA, Grosset DG. Patient-perceived involvement and satisfaction in Parkinson’s disease: effect on therapy decisions and quality of life. Mov Disord. 2005;20:616–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. van der Eijk M, Faber MJ, Al Shamma S, Munneke M, Bloem BR. Moving towards patient-centered healthcare for patients with Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2011;17:360–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Gruber-Baldini AL, Ye J, Anderson KE, Shulman LM. Effects of optimism/pessimism and locus of control on disability and quality of life in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2009;15:665–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Hurt CS, Burn DJ, Hindle J, Samuel M, Wilson K, Brown RG. Thinking positively about chronic illness: an exploration of optimism, illness perceptions and well-being in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Br J Health Psych. 2014;19:363–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Aarsland D, Pahlhagen S, Ballard CG, Ehrt U, Svenningsson P. Depression in Parkinson disease: epidemiology, mechanisms and management. Nat Rev Neurol. 2012;8:35–47.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Kvedar JC, Bierstock S. Should physicians use email to communicate with patients? In: Big issues: health care. The Wall Street Journal. 2012. http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204124204577152860059245028. Accessed 10 June 2016.

  33. • Dorsey ER, Achey MA, Beck CA, et al. National randomized controlled trial of virtual house calls for people with Parkinson’s disease: interest and barriers. Telemed J E-Health. 2016;22:590–8. This paper discusses the high interest in, and current barriers to, virtual house calls for patients with PD.

  34. Russell TG, Hoffmann TC, Nelson M, Thompson L, Vincent A. Internet-based physical assessment of people with Parkinson disease is accurate and reliable: a pilot study. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2013;50:643–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Wilkinson JR, Spindler M, Wood SM, et al. High patient satisfaction with telehealth in Parkinson disease: a randomized controlled study. Neurol Clin Pract. 2016;6:241–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Pretzer-Aboff I, Prettyman A. Implementation of an integrative holistic healthcare model for people living with Parkinson’s disease. Gerontologist. 2015;55 Suppl 1:S146–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Schrag A, Hovris A, Morley D, Quinn N, Jahanshahi M. Caregiver-burden in Parkinson’s disease is closely associated with psychiatric symptoms, falls, and disability. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2006;12:35–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Aarsland D, Larsen JP, Karlsen K, Lim NG, Tandberg E. Mental symptoms in Parkinson’s disease are important contributors to caregiver distress. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1999;14:866–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Martinez-Martin P, Rodriguez-Blazquez C, Forjaz MJ, et al. Neuropsychiatric symptoms and caregiver’s burden in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2015;21:629–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. • Giladi N, Manor Y, Hilel A, Gurevich T. Interdisciplinary teamwork for the treatment of people with Parkinson’s disease and their families. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2014;14:493. A practical description from an experienced team of how to conduct an interdisciplinary service for PD patients and caregivers/family.

  41. Wüllner U, Fuchs G, Reketat N, Randerath O, Kassubek J. Requirements for Parkinson’s disease pharmacotherapy from the patients’ perspective: a questionnaire-based survey. Curr Med Res Opin. 2012;28:1239–46.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Nisenzon AN, Robinson ME, Bowers D, Banou E, Malaty I, Okun MS. Measurement of patient-centered outcomes in Parkinson’s disease: what do patients really want from their treatment? Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2011;17:89–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Parkinson study group. Pramipexole in levodopa-treated Parkinson disease patients of African, Asian, and Hispanic heritage. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2007;30:72–85.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Sauerbier A, Jitkritsadakul O, Bhidayasiri R, et al. Non-motor symptoms profiles in UK white Caucasian and Asian as well as overseas Thai and East Indian patients with Parkinson’s disease [abstract]. Mov Disord. 2016;31(suppl 2). http://www.mdsabstracts.org/abstract/non-motor-symptoms-profiles-in-uk-white-caucasian-and-asian-as-well-as-overseas-thai-and-east-indian-patients-with-parkinsons-disease/. Accessed 5 July 2016.

  45. Lim SY, Tan ZK, Ngam PI, et al. Impulsive-compulsive disorders are common in Asian Parkinson’s disease patients: assessment using the QUIP. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2011;17:761–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. • Tan AH, Tan CT, Marras C, et al. Knowledge of Parkinson’s disease in a multiethnic urban Asian setting. J Parkinson’s Dis. 2015;5:865–79. A large survey of the general public ( n  = 1,258), and also PD patients ( n  = 116) and caregivers ( n  = 135), demonstrating areas where there are significant gaps in knowledge regarding PD.

  47. • Espay AJ, Bonato P, Nahab FB, et al. Technology in Parkinson’s disease: challenges and opportunities. Mov Disord. 2016. doi:10.1002/mds.26642. A state-of-the-art review by the International Parkinson & Movement Disorder Society Task Force on Technology on this rapidly growing field, and on the work that is being carried out by the Task Force.

  48. • Lord S, Godfrey A, Galna B, Mhiripiri D, Burn D, Rochester L. Ambulatory activity in incident Parkinson’s: more than meets the eye? J Neurol. 2013;260:2964–72. A study of ambulatory activity involving 89 newly diagnosed PD cases and 97 age-matched controls, showing that patients were significantly less active (e.g. taking 30% fewer steps per day).

  49. Lee W, Evans A, Williams DR. Validation of a smartphone application measuring motor function in Parkinson’s disease. J Parkinson’s Dis. 2016;6:371–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Kotschet K, Johnson W, McGregor S, et al. Daytime sleep in Parkinson’s disease measured by episodes of immobility. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014;20:578–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Hubble RP, Naughton GA, Silburn PA, Cole MH. Wearable sensor use for assessing standing balance and walking stability in people with Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0123705.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Hung SW, Adeli GM, Arenovich T, Fox SH, Lang AE. Patient perception of dyskinesia in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2010;81:1112–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Fox SH, Katzenschlager R, Lim SY, et al. The Movement Disorder Society evidence-based medicine review update: treatments for the motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2011;26 Suppl 3:S2–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Seppi K, Weintraub D, Coelho M, et al. The Movement Disorder Society evidence-based medicine review update: treatments for the non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2011;26 Suppl 3:S42–80.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Shulman LM, Taback RL, Rabinstein AA, Weiner WJ. Non-recognition of depression and other non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2002;8:193–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Nègre-Pagès L, Regragui W, Bouhassira D, Grandjean H, Rascol O, DoPaMiP Study Group. Chronic pain in Parkinson’s disease: the cross-sectional French DoPaMiP survey. Mov Disord. 2008;23:1361–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Goy ER, Carter JH, Ganzini L. Parkinson disease at the end of life: caregiver perspectives. Neurology. 2007;69:611–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Oehlberg K, Barg FK, Brown GK, Taraborelli D, Stern MB, Weintraub D. Attitudes regarding the etiology and treatment of depression in Parkinson’s disease: a qualitative study. J Geriatr Psych Neurol. 2008;21:123–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Tan LCS, Lau PN, Jamora RD, Chan ESY. Use of complementary therapies in patients with Parkinson’s disease in Singapore. Mov Disord. 2006;21:86–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. •• Bloem BR, de Vries NM, Ebersbach G. Nonpharmacological treatments for patients with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2015;30:1504–20. A comprehensive state-of-the-art review of the field, including physiotherapy, dance interventions, occupational therapy, cognitive training, swallowing therapy and innovative/multidisciplinary care.

  61. Reynolds GO, Otto MW, Ellis TD, Cronin-Golomb A. The therapeutic potential of exercise to improve mood, cognition, and sleep in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2016;31:23–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Egan SJ, Laidlaw K, Starkstein S. Cognitive behaviour therapy for depression and anxiety in Parkinson’s disease. J Parkinson’s Dis. 2015;5:443–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Okai D, Askey-Jones S, Samuel M, et al. Trial of CBT for impulse control behaviors affecting Parkinson patients and their caregivers. Neurology. 2013;80:792–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Lim SY, Tan AH. Management of autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease. In: Galvez-Jimenez N, Fernandez HH, Espay AJ, Fox SH, editors. Parkinson’s disease: current and future therapeutics and clinical trials. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2016. p. 93–110.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  65. • Miyasaki JM. Palliative care in Parkinson’s disease. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2013;13:367. This paper outlines a practical approach to palliative care in PD, based on a clinic’s initial 6 years of practice/experience in this area.

  66. Racette BA, Willis AW. Time to change the blind men and the elephant approach to Parkinson disease? Neurology. 2015;85:190–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Swarztrauber K, Graf E. Nonphysicians’ and physicians’ knowledge and care preferences for Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2007;22:704–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Bloem BR, Munneke M. Revolutionising management of chronic disease: the ParkinsonNet approach. BMJ. 2014;348:g1838.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. • Clarke CE, Patel S, Ives N, et al. Physiotherapy and occupational therapy vs no therapy in mild to moderate Parkinson disease: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol. 2016;73:291–9. This negative study investigating the effect of delivering National Health Service-standard physiotherapy and occupational therapy was critiqued for significant methodological flaws (see references 70 and 71).

  70. de Vries NM, Sturkenboom IH, Bloem BR. Physiotherapy and occupational therapy and mild to moderate Parkinson disease. JAMA Neurol. 2016. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.1277.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Ellis T, Tickle-Degnen L, Saint-Hilaire M. Physiotherapy and occupational therapy and mild to moderate Parkinson Disease. JAMA Neurol. 2016. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.1274.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Constantinescu G, Theodoros D, Russell T, Ward E, Wilson S, Wootton R. Treating disordered speech and voice in Parkinson’s disease online: a randomized controlled non-inferiority trial. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2011;46:1–16.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Storstein A. Communication and neurology—bad news and how to break them. Acta Neurol Scand. 2011;124 Suppl 191:5–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. •• Erro R, Schneider SA, Stamelou M, Quinn NP, Bhatia KP. What do patients with scans without evidence of dopaminergic deficit (SWEDD) have? New evidence and continuing controversies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016;87(3):319–23. This is an excellent overview of the entity of SWEDD, and the uncertainties that can surround the diagnosis of early-stage PD.

  75. Dorsey ER, Voss TS, Shprecher DR, et al. A U.S. survey of patients with Parkinson’s disease: satisfaction with medical care and support groups. Mov Disord. 2010;25:2128–35.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Hatano T, Kubo SI, Shimo Y, Nishioka K, Hattori N. Unmet needs of patients with Parkinson’s disease: interview survey of patients and caregivers. J Int Med Res. 2009;37:717–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Dyson SC, Barker RA. Cell-based therapies for Parkinson’s disease. Expert Rev Neurother. 2011;11:831–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Xiao B, Ng HH, Takahashi R, Tan EK. Induced pluripotent stem cells in Parkinson’s disease: scientific and clinical challenges. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016;87:697–702.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Olanow CW, Isacson O. Stem cells for Parkinson’s disease: advancing science but protecting patients. Mov Disord. 2012;27:1475–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Petersen A, Seear K, Munsie M. Therapeutic journeys: the hopeful travails of stem cell tourists. Sociol Health Illn. 2014;36:670–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Giles S, Miyasaki J. Palliative stage Parkinson’s disease: patient and family experiences of health-care services. Palliat Med. 2009;23:120–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Eccles FJ, Murray C, Simpson J. Perceptions of cause and control in people with Parkinson’s disease. Disabil Rehabil. 2011;33:1409–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Weiner WJ. There is no Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol. 2008;65:705–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Okun MS, Siderowf A, Nutt JG, et al. Piloting the NPF data-driven quality improvement initiative. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2010;16:517–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. http://parkinson.org/sites/default/files/Parkinsons%20Outcomes%20Project%20Report%20to%20the%20Community.pdf. Accessed 16 July 2016

  86. Marek K, Jennings D, Lasch S, et al. The Parkinson Progression Marker Initiative (PPMI). Prog Neurobiol. 2011;95:629–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. http://www.ppmi-info.org/Accessed 16 July 2016

  88. Santos-Garcia D, Mir P, Cubo E, et al. COPPADIS-2015 (COhort of Patients with Parkinson’s DIsease in Spain, 2015), a global-clinical evaluations, serum biomarkers, genetic studies and neuroimaging- prospective, multicenter, non-interventional, long-term study on Parkinson’s disease progression. BMC Neurol. 2016;16:26.

  89. http://www.northshore.org/globalassets/neurological-institute/redesign/6-maraganore.pdf Accessed 17 July 2016

  90. Schapira AHV, Schrag A. Parkinson disease: clinical subtypes and their implications. Nat Rev Neurol. 2011;7:247–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Wickremaratchi MM, Ben-Shlomo Y, Morris HR. The effect of onset age on the clinical features of Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Neurol. 2009;16:450–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Selikhova M, Williams DR, Kempster PA, Holton JL, Revesz T, Lees AJ. A clinico-pathological study of subtypes in Parkinson’s disease. Brain. 2009;132:2947–57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Alves G, Wentzel-Larsen T, Aarsland D, Larsen JP. Progression of motor impairment and disability in Parkinson disease: a population-based study. Neurology. 2005;65:1436–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Halliday G, Hely M, Reid W, Morris J. The progression of pathology in longitudinally followed patients with Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neuropathol. 2008;115:409–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Nutt JG. Motor subtype in Parkinson’s disease: different disorders or different stages of disease? Mov Disord. 2016;31:957–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. • Marras C, Chaudhuri KR. Nonmotor features of Parkinson’s disease subtypes. Mov Disord. 2016. doi:10.1002/mds.26510. A state-of-the-art review of clinical subtyping in PD, with an emphasis on the growing area of non-motor subtypes.

  97. Litvan I, Goldman JG, Troster AI, et al. Diagnostic criteria for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease: Movement Disorder Society Task Force guidelines. Mov Disord. 2012;27:349–56.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  98. Cholerton BA, Zabetian CP, Wan JY, et al. Evaluation of mild cognitive impairment subtypes in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2014;29:756–64.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  99. Louis ED, Tang MX, Cote L, Alfaro B, Mejia H, Marder K. Progression of parkinsonian signs in Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol. 1999;56:334–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Alves G, Larsen JP, Emre M, Wentzel-Larsen T, Aarsland D. Changes in motor subtype and risk for incident dementia in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2006;21:1123–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Fereshtehnejad SM, Romenets SR, Anang JBM, Latreille V, Gagnon JF, Postuma RB. New clinical subtypes of Parkinson disease and their longitudinal progression: a prospective cohort comparison with other phenotypes. JAMA Neurol. 2015;72:863–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Erro R, Picillo M, Amboni M, et al. Nonmotor predictors for levodopa requirement in de novo patients with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2015;30:373–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Srivatsal S, Cholerton B, Leverenz JB, et al. Cognitive profile of LRRK2-related Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2015;30:728–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  104. Doherty KM, Silveira-Moriyama L, Parkkinen L, et al. Parkin disease: a clinicopathologic entity? JAMA Neurol. 2013;70:571–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  105. Pascale E, Di Battista ME, Rubino A, et al. Genetic architecture of MAPT gene region in Parkinson disease subtype. Front Cell Neurosci. 2016;10:96.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  106. Oeda T, Umemura A, Mori Y, et al. Impact of glucocerebrosidase mutations on motor and nonmotor complications in Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2015;36:3306–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Do CB, Tung JY, Dorfman E, et al. Web-based genome-wide association study identifies two novel loci and a substantial genetic component for Parkinson’s disease. PLoS Genet. 2011;7:e1002141.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  108. Sakanaka K, Waters CH, Levy OA, et al. Knowledge of and interest in genetic results among Parkinson disease patients and caregivers. J Genet Couns. 2014;23:114–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Tan EK, Lee J, Hunter C, Shinawi L, Fook-Chong S, Jankovic J. Comparing knowledge and attitudes towards genetic testing in Parkinson’s disease in an American and Asian population. J Neurol Sci. 2007;252:113–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Klein C, Schlossmacher MG. The genetics of Parkinson disease: implications for neurological care. Nat Clin Pract Neurol. 2006;2:136–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Roberts JS, Uhlmann WR. Genetic susceptibility testing for neurodegenerative diseases: ethical and practice issues. Prog Neurobiol. 2013;110:89–101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Lang AE. When and how should treatment be started in Parkinson disease? Neurology. 2009;72:S39–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. • Jameson JL, Longo DL. Precision medicine—personalized, problematic, and promising. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:2229–34. An excellent introduction to the rapidly-growing field of “precision” medicine, including discussions regarding: the distinction from “personalized/individualized” medicine, examples of new diagnostics and therapeutics driving the field and challenges and future opportunities.

  114. Tan AH, Mahadeva S, Thalha AM, et al. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014;20:535–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. MacCarthy B, Brown R. Psychosocial factors in Parkinson’s disease. Br J Clin Psychol. 1989;28:41–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Zhao YJ, Tan LCS, Li SC, et al. Economic burden of Parkinson’s disease in Singapore. Eur J Neurol. 2011;18:519–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Noyes K, Liu H, Yue L, Holloway R, Dick AW. Economic burden associated with Parkinson’s disease on elderly Medicare beneficiaries. Mov Disord. 2006;21:362–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Wang G, Cheng Q, Zheng R, et al. Economic burden of Parkinson’s disease in a developing country: a retrospective cost analysis in Shanghai, China. Mov Disord. 2006;21:1439–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Chan AK, McGovern RA, Brown LT, et al. Disparities in access to deep brain stimulation surgery for Parkinson disease: interaction between African American race and Medicaid use. JAMA Neurol. 2014;71:291–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. • Hariz M, Once STN. DBS, always STN DBS?—clinical, ethical, and financial reflections on deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2016;3:285–7. This study highlights the important issue of what can happen to patients after interruption of DBS therapy; this is particularly relevant in situations where funding is limited and patients may suffer significant morbidity (and even mortality) from discontinuation of DBS.

  121. •• Schuepbach WMM, Rau J, Knudsen K, et al. Neurostimulation for Parkinson’s disease with early motor complications. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:610–22. A positive multicentre randomized controlled trial of bilateral STN DBS in patients with early motor response complications. The results of this trial are likely to change clinical practice, with DBS being offered as a treatment option earlier in the course of the disease—rather than being considered a treatment of “last resort.”.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Speelman AD, van de Warrenburg BP, van Nimwegen M, Petzinger GM, Munneke M, Bloem BR. How might physical activity benefit patients with Parkinson disease? Nat Rev Neurol. 2011;7:528–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Ellis T, Boudreau JK, DeAngelis TR, et al. Barriers to exercise in people with Parkinson disease. Phys Ther. 2013;93:628–36.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  124. Ellis T, Latham NK, DeAngelis TR, Thomas CA, Saint-Hilaire M, Bickmore TW. Feasibility of a virtual exercise coach to promote walking in community-dwelling persons with Parkinson disease. Am J Phys Med Rehab. 2013;92:472–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  125. Shanahan J, Morris ME, Bhriain ON, Saunders J, Clifford AM. Dance for people with Parkinson disease: what is the evidence telling us? Arch Phy Med Rehab. 2015;96:141–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  126. King LA, Wilhelm J, Chen Y, et al. Effects of group, individual, and home exercise in persons with Parkinson disease: a randomized clinical trial. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2015;39:204–12.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  127. Martikainen KK, Luukkaala TH, Marttila RJ. Parkinson’s disease and working capacity. Mov Disord. 2006;21:2187–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Gustafsson H, Nordström P, Stråhle S, Nordström A. Parkinson’s disease: a population-based investigation of life satisfaction and employment. J Rehabil Med. 2015;47:45–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. • Armstrong MJ, Gruber-Baldini AL, Reich SG, Fishman PS, Lachner C, Shulman LM. Which features of Parkinson’s disease predict earlier exit from the workforce? Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014;20:1257–9. This relatively large study ( n  = 419 PD patients) highlights the association between potentially modifiable mental health issues and patients leaving the workforce.

  130. Schrag A, Banks P. Time of loss of employment in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2006;21:1839–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Mamikonyan E, Xie SX, Melvin E, Weintraub D. Rivastigmine for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease: a placebo-controlled study. Mov Disord. 2015;30:912–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Yandell K. Keeping Parkinson’s disease a secret. The New York Times. 2012. http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/07/09/keeping-parkinsons-disease-a-secret/ Accessed 11 June 2016.

  133. Schipper K, Dauwerse L, Hendrikx A, Leedekerken JW, Abma TA. Living with Parkinson’s disease: priorities for research suggested by patients. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2014;20:862–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. • https://foxtrialfinder.michaeljfox.org/ Accessed 10 July 2016. So far, 57,370 volunteers from around the world have signed up.

  135. McLaughlin D, Hasson F, Kernohan WG, et al. Living and coping with Parkinson’s disease: perceptions of informal carers. Palliat Med. 2011;25:177–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Snell K, Pennington S, Lee M, Walker R. The place of death in Parkinson’s disease. Age Ageing. 2009;38:617–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Hudson PL, Toye C, Kristjanson LJ. Would people with Parkinson’s disease benefit from palliative care? Palliat Med. 2006;20:87–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. •• Borasio GD. The role of palliative care in patients with neurological diseases. Nat Rev Neurol. 2013;9:292–5. This paper, and the one by Quill and Abernethy (reference 141), make a compelling argument that ‘primary’ palliative care should be integrated into the daily clinical practice of neurologists, alongside disease-directed medical care (and in some cases a neurorehabilitative approach).

  139. Kempster PA, O’Sullivan SS, Holton JL, Revesz T, Lees AJ. Relationships between age and late progression of Parkinson’s disease: a clinico-pathological study. Brain. 2010;133:1755–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Richfield EW, Jones EJS, Alty JE. Palliative care for Parkinson’s disease: a summary of the evidence and future directions. Palliat Med. 2013;27:805–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Quill TE, Abernethy AP. Generalist plus specialist palliative care—creating a more sustainable model. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1173–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Miyasaki JM, Long J, Mancini D, et al. Palliative care for advanced Parkinson disease: an interdisciplinary clinic and new scale, the ESAS-PD. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2012;18:S6–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Prizer LP, Browner N. The integrative care of Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review. J Parkinson’s Dis. 2012;2:79–86.

    Google Scholar 

  144. Brumley R, Enguidanos S, Jamison P, et al. Increased satisfaction with care and lower costs: results of a randomized trial of in‐home palliative care. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007;55:993–1000.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to all our patients and their caregivers who have taught us so much. We wish to acknowledge the insightful feedback received from Ms. Sara Lew Lai Heong (President, Malaysian PD Association and previously a caregiver for many years), Mr. Samuel Ng Hoong Fong (President, Perak Parkinson’s Association, MJFF Fox Trial Finder Ambassador, and himself having PD since 2009), Ms. Cheryl Vanderschaaf (Volunteer, Malaysian PD Association and previously a caregiver), Mr. Chung Han Yang (Resource & Research Administrator, Parkinson’s & Movement Disorders Service, University of Malaya, and previously a caregiver), and Dr. Narelle Warren PhD (Medical Sociologist with an interest in chronic illness). SY Lim and AH Tan received funding support from the Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education grant for High-Impact Research (HIR) UM.C/625/1/HIR/MOHE/CHAN/11/03.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shen-Yang Lim.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

Soon Chai Low declares no conflict of interest.

Shen-Yang Lim reports grants from the Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education, grant for High-Impact Research (HIR) UM.C/625/1/HIR/MOHE/CHAN/11/03, during the conduct of the study and personal fees from Medtronic, UCB, International Parkinson’s & Movement Disorder Society (MDS), Novartis, Davis Phinney Foundation for Parkinson’s, and Ipsen, outside the submitted work.

Ai Huey Tan reports grants from the Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education, grant for High-Impact Research (HIR) UM.C/625/1/HIR/MOHE/CHAN/11/03, during the conduct of the study, and grants from International Parkinson’s & Movement Disorder Society (MDS), outside the submitted work.

Susan H. Fox has received consultancy fees from Prexton and Lundbeck; grants from Acadia, Kyowa, Avanir, Cynapsus, Biotie, NIH, Parkinson Society Canada, and MJFF; and honoraria payments and paid travel expenses from AAN, IPMDS, and WPC.

Andrew H. Evans has received honoraria from Novartis, Abbvie, GKC, Teva and UCB for giving presentation. Honoraria from CSL for providing consultancy services. He has received travel grants from Abbvie. He has participation in scientific advisory board meetings for UCB pharma, Allergan, GKC, Stada and Abbvie. He holds shares in CSL and GKC.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Movement Disorders

A special thank you to Dr. Stanley Fahn for taking the time to review this manuscript.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Lim, SY., Tan, A.H., Fox, S.H. et al. Integrating Patient Concerns into Parkinson’s Disease Management. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 17, 3 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-017-0717-2

Download citation

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-017-0717-2

Keywords

Navigation