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Rhombencephalitis / Brainstem Encephalitis

Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports volume 11, pages 543–552 (2011)Cite this article

Abstract

Rhombencephalitis (RE) is a syndrome of multiple causes and multiple outcomes. Most authors now use the terms “rhombencephalitis” and “brainstem encephalitis” interchangeably even though anatomically they are slightly different. The etiologic categories of RE include infections, autoimmune diseases, and paraneoplastic syndromes (PNS). Listeria is the most common cause of infectious RE. Listeria RE primary occurs in healthy young adults. It usually occurs as a biphasic time course with a flu-like syndrome followed by brainstem dysfunction; 75% of patients have a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis, and almost 100% have an abnormal brain MRI scan. Positive CSF and blood cultures are the most specific for diagnosis. Treatment primarily is with ampicillin. Enterovirus 71 is probably the second most common infectious cause of RE; however, 95% of cases have occurred in the Asian-Pacific region and there is no specific treatment. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is the third most common infectious cause of RE, and about 80% of cases are caused by HSV1 and 20% by HSV2. About 50% only had involvement of the brainstem whereas the other 50% also had supratentorial involvement of the temporal and frontal lobes. Mortality with acyclovir treatment was 22% versus those not on acyclovir 75%. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV6) have caused a few cases. The most common autoimmune etiology is Behçet disease. Over 90% of those with Behçet RE had abnormal MRI scans and 94% had a CSF pleocytosis. Treatment is with corticosteroids and immunosuppressive agents, but only 25% have complete recovery. Paraneoplastic causes are the third category of RE. Brain MRIs are usually normal; there is usually a CSF pleocytosis but the protein is usually normal. Often anti-neuronal antibodies can be found. Prognosis is poor and treatment is only partially beneficial. Because Listeria and HSV are the most common treatable acute causes of RE, we recommend empiric therapy with ampicillin and acyclovir for all cases after samples have been obtained from CSF and blood for cultures and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antibiotics can be changed based upon MRI, culture results, PCR results, and antibody studies.

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Disclosure

B. Jubelt is an upaid advisory board member for the National Multiple Sclerosis Society (New York Upstate Chapter) and for the Multiple Sclerosis Resources of Central New York. He is a consultant for EMD Serono, Novartis, Biogen, and Teva Neuroscience. He has received grants paid to his institution from Serono, Pfizer, Biogen, Genzyme, EMD Serono, Novartis, and Sanofi-Aventis, and he has received honoraria from the National Multiple Sclerosis Society and Multiple Sclerosis Resources of Central New York. He has received payment for development of continuing medical education presentations from TCL Institutes and Prime Education Inc., and has received payment for service on speakers’ bureaus from TEVA Neuroscience, EMD Serono, Biogen, and Bayer Health Care. His travel expenses have also been reimbursed for his work as a consultant, speaking engagements, CME talks, and his work on speakers’ bureaus. C. Mihai: none; T. Li: none; P. Veerapaneni; none.

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  1. Terrence M. Li

    Present address: Formally Department of Neurology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Advocate Medical Group, 825 Golf Road, Arlington Heights, IL, 60050, USA

  2. Padma Veerapaneni

    Present address: Formally Department of Neurology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, KIMS Hospital, 1-8-311 Minester’s Road, Secundrabad, 500003, Andhra Pradesh, India

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Neurology, Microbiology/Immunology and Neuroscience, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 E. Adams St, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA

    Burk Jubelt

  2. Syracuse Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 800 Irving Ave, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA

    Burk Jubelt

  3. Syracuse Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 800 Irving Ave, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA

    Cornelia Mihai

  4. The Department of Neurology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 E. Adams St, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA

    Cornelia Mihai

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Jubelt, B., Mihai, C., Li, T.M. et al. Rhombencephalitis / Brainstem Encephalitis. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 11, 543–552 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-011-0228-5

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Keywords

  • Rhombencephalitis, brainstem encephalitis
  • Infectious
  • Listeria
  • Enterovirus (EV)
  • Herpes simplex virus
  • Autoimmune
  • Behçet disease
  • Paraneoplastic syndromes