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Evolving Epidemiology of Japanese Encephalitis: Implications for Vaccination

  • Tropical, Travel and Emerging Infection (L Chen and A Boggild, Section Editors)
  • Published:
Current Infectious Disease Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of Review

We examine the present global burden of Japanese encephalitis (JE) in endemic populations, summarize published cases in travelers since 2009, examine current guidelines for vaccination for international travelers, and consider challenges in prevention of this vector-borne disease.

Recent Findings

We identified 11 JE cases in travelers that were published in peer-reviewed literature since 2009. JE incidence in endemic countries appears to be declining but the number of JE cases reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) varied from estimates derived from other published reports based on serosurveys or sentinel surveillance. Current JE vaccines appear to be safe and are not associated with delayed hypersensitivity in contrast to the older mouse brain vaccine.

Summary

Given differences between WHO-reported cases and local surveillance data, future research on true incidence is needed. Regular assessment will inform JE risk in travelers. National and international guidelines on JE vaccination varied; we suggest areas for improvement.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Dr. Susan Hills for her thoughtful review and suggestions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA

    John P. Caldwell

  2. Division of Infectious Diseases and Travel Medicine, Mount Auburn Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Lin H. Chen

  3. Faculty of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Lin H. Chen

  4. Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health (BUSPH), Boston, MA, USA

    Davidson H. Hamer

  5. Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA

    Davidson H. Hamer

Authors
  1. John P. Caldwell
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  2. Lin H. Chen
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  3. Davidson H. Hamer
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Correspondence to Davidson H. Hamer.

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Conflict of Interest

JPC declares that he has no conflict of interest. LHC reports serving as advisor for Shoreland, Inc. and DSMB for Valneva (unrelated vaccine). DHH reports serving on advisory boards for Valneva and iJET.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

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This article is part of the Topical Collection on Tropical, Travel and Emerging Infection

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Caldwell, J.P., Chen, L.H. & Hamer, D.H. Evolving Epidemiology of Japanese Encephalitis: Implications for Vaccination. Curr Infect Dis Rep 20, 30 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-018-0635-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11908-018-0635-8

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