Control of Energy Expenditure by AgRP Neurons of the Arcuate Nucleus: Neurocircuitry, Signaling Pathways, and Angiotensin
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Abstract
Purpose of Review
Here, we review the current understanding of the functional neuroanatomy of neurons expressing Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) and the angiotensin 1A receptor (AT1A) within the arcuate nucleus (ARC) in the control of energy balance.
Recent Findings
The development and maintenance of obesity involves suppression of resting metabolic rate (RMR). RMR control is integrated via AgRP and proopiomelanocortin neurons within the ARC. Their projections to other hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic nuclei contribute to RMR control, though relatively little is known about the contributions of individual projections and the neurotransmitters involved. Recent studies highlight a role for AT1A, localized to AgRP neurons, but the specific function of AT1A within these cells remains unclear.
Summary
AT1A functions within AgRP neurons to control RMR, but additional work is required to clarify its role within subpopulations of AgRP neurons projecting to distinct second-order nuclei, and the molecular mediators of its signaling within these cells.
Keywords
Obesity Bioenergetics Metabolism Renin-angiotensin system Leptin Agouti-related peptideNotes
Acknowledgements
The authors were supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (HL134850, HL084207, HL007638, HL127673, MH109920, HL007121, DK117510), the American Heart Association (14PRE20380401, 15SFRN23730000, 18EIA33890055), the American Physiological Society, and the UIHC Center for Hypertension Research.
Authors’ Contributions
LLM drafted the manuscript, and all co-authors edited and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Compliance with Ethical Standards
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest relevant to this manuscript.
Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent
All reported studies/experiments with human or animal subjects performed by the authors have been previously published and complied with all applicable ethical standards (including the Helsinki Declaration and its amendments, institutional/national research committee standards, and international/national/institutional guidelines).
References
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