Skip to main content
Log in

Establishing Targets for Hypertension Control in Patients with Comorbidities

  • Published:
Current Hypertension Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Most current guidelines recommend tighter blood pressure (BP) control in hypertensive patients with comorbidities. These recommendations are based on epidemiologic data indicating that cardiovascular risk increases at lower BP levels in hypertensive patients with comorbidities than in those without comorbidities. Hypertension guidelines usually reflect outcomes from previous studies, but current recommendations for patients with comorbidities have preceded the evidence. We review recent studies investigating whether these new targets can be achieved, whether they are well tolerated, and whether they positively affect the outcomes. The results of the few current studies about outcomes in lower BP target groups are either negative or somewhat—but not decidedly—positive. There is a need for new trials designed to evaluate the validity of current recommendations for tighter BP control in hypertensive patients with comorbidities. Additionally, existing data from published trials could be reanalyzed to provide further clarification.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance ••Of major importance

  1. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al.; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure; National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee: The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA 2003, 289:2560–2572.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. •• Cutler JA, Sorlie PD, Wolz M, et al.: Trends in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control rates in United States adults between 1988–1994 and 1999–2004. Hypertension 2008, 52:818–827. The age-standardized prevalence of hypertension between the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988–1994) and the 1999–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey increased from 24.4% to 28.9% (P < 0.001), with the largest increases among non-Hispanic women.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Chobanian AV: The Hypertension Paradox—More uncontrolled disease despite improved therapy. N Engl J Med 2009, 361:878–887.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. •• Plantinga LC, Miller ER 3 rd, Stevens LA, et al.; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Chronic Kidney Disease Surveillance Team: Blood pressure control among persons without and with chronic kidney disease. US trends and risk factors 1999–2006. Hypertension 2009, 54:47–56. Although BP control in the general population has increased over time, uncontrolled blood pressure remains highly prevalent, especially in patients with CKD and in nonwhites, older persons, and women.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Lloyd-Jones D, Adams R, Carnethon M, et al.: Heart disease and stroke statistics—2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation 2009, 119:e21–e181.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, et al.: Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet 2002, 360:1903–1913.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Neal B, MacMahon S: The World Health Organization–International Society of Hypertension Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists’ Collaboration: prospective collaborative overviews of major randomized trials of blood pressure-lowering treatments. Curr Hypertens Rep 1999, 1:346–356.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Lawes CMM, Vander Horn S, Rodgers A: Global burden of blood pressure related disease, 2001. Lancet 2008, 371:1513–1518.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al.: Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension 2003, 42:1206–1252.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, et al.: 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension: The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens 2007, 25:1105–1187.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Stamler J, Vaccaro O, Neaton JD, Wentworth D: Diabetes, other risk factors, and 12 yr cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Diabetes Care 1993,16:434–444.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. American Diabetes Association Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2010: Diabetes Care 2010, 33(Suppl 1):S11–S61.

    Google Scholar 

  13. •• Cushman WC, Evans GW, Byington RP, et al.; The ACCORD Study Group: Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2010, 362:1575–1585. Intensive antihypertensive therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes targeting SBP to less than 120 mm Hg was accompanied by more serious adverse events than standard therapy targeting to SBP less than 140 mm Hg. There were no significant between-group differences in the rate of the primary outcome (a composite of nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or death from cardiovascular causes), but there was a significant reduction in strokes.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. ACCORD Study Group, Buse JB, Bigger JT, et al.: Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial: design and methods. Am J Cardiol 2007, 99:21i–33i.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Cushman WC, Grimm RH Jr, Cutler RA, et al.; ACCORD Study Group: Rationale and design for the blood pressure intervention of the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial. Am J Cardiol 2007, 99:44i–55i.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Mancia G, Grassi G, Zanchetti A: New-onset diabetes and antihypertensive drugs. J Hypertens 2006, 24:3–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Opie LH, Schall R: Old antihypertensives and new diabetes. J Hypertens 2004, 22:1453–1458.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Cruickshank JM: Antihypertensive treatment and the J-curve. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2000, 14:373–379.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Messerli FH, Panjrath GS: The J-curve between blood pressure and coronary artery disease or essential hypertension: exactly how essential? J Am Coll Cardiol 2009, 54:1827–1834.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Roy M, Mahmood N, Rosendorff C: Evidence for aggressive blood pressure-lowering goals in patients with coronary artery disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2010, 12:134–139.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, et al.; ADVANCE Collaborative Group: Effects of a fixed combination of perindopril and indapamide on macrovascular and microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the ADVANCE trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007, 370:829–840.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. • Weir MR, Yeh F, Silverman A, et al.: Safety and feasibility of achieving lower systolic blood pressure goals in persons with type 2 diabetes: the SANDS trial. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2009, 11:540–548. The study, involving type 2 diabetic Native Americans, investigated in the effect of lowering blood pressure to 115/75 mm Hg and lowering LDL cholesterol to 70 mg/dL, compared with the standard goal of blood pressure of 130/80 mm Hg and 100 mg/dL LDL cholesterol. There was a larger reduction of the carotid intima-media thickness and left ventricular mass in the strict-target group, but no significant difference was found in cardiovascular events.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Lloyd-Jones DM, Evans JC, Levy D: Hypertension in adults across the age spectrum: current outcomes and control in the community. JAMA 2005, 294:466–472.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Rosendorff C, Black HR, Cannon CP, et al; American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure Research; American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology; American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention: Treatment of hypertension in the prevention and management of ischemic heart disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure Research and the Councils on Clinical Cardiology and Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation 2007, 115:2761–2788.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Izzo JL Jr, Gradman AH: Mechanisms and management of hypertensive heart disease: from left ventricular hypertrophy to heart failure. Med Clin North Am 2004, 88:1257–1270.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Jamerson K, Weber MA, Bakris GL, et al.: Benazepril plus amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med 2008, 359:2417–2428.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Verdecchia P, Staessen JA, Angeli F, et al; Cardio-Sis Investigators: Usual versus tight control of systolic blood pressure in non-diabetic patients with hypertension (Cardio-Sis): an open-label randomised trial. Lancet 2009, 374:525–533.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. JATOS Study Group: Principal results of the Japanese trial to assess optimal systolic blood pressure in elderly hypertensive patients (JATOS). Hypertens Res 2008, 31:2115–2127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. U.S. Renal Data System, USRDS 2005 Annual Data Report: Atlas of End Stage Disease in the United States. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. National Institutes of Health; 2005.

  30. Chronic Kidney Disease Prognosis Consortium, Matsushita K, van der Velde M, et al.: Association of estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in general population cohorts: a collaborative meta-analysis. Lancet 2010, 375:2073–2081.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Coresh J, Wei GL, McQuillan G, et al.: Prevalence of high blood pressure and elevated serum creatinine level in the United States: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988–1994). Arch Intern Med 2001, 161:1207–1216.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI): K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines on hypertension and antihypertensive agents in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2004, 43(Suppl 1):S1–S290.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Sarafidis PA, Bakris GL: Resistant hypertension: an overview of evaluation and treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008, 52:1749–1757.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. de Galan BE, Perkovic V, Ninomiya T, et al.: Lowering blood pressure reduces renal events in type 2 diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009, 20:883–892.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. •• Bakris GL, Sarafidis PA, Weir MR, et al.; ACCOMPLISH Trial Investigators: Renal outcomes with different fixed-dose combination therapies in patients with hypertension at high risk for cardiovascular events (ACCOMPLISH): a prespecified secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2010, 375:1173–1181. The percentage of patients achieving the goal of less than 130/80 mm Hg was similar in the two treatment groups (37.2% vs 39.2%). Despite the similar degree of BP control, a greater reduction in the progression of CKD was seen in the combination benazepril plus amlodipine group than in the benazepril plus hydrochlorothiazide group.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Praga M, Andrade CF, Luño J, et al.: Antiproteinuric amlodipine in non-diabetic proteinuric renal diseases: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003, 18:1806–1813.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Bakris GL, Toto RD, McCullough PA, et al.; GUARD (Gauging Albuminuria Reduction With Lotrel in Diabetic Patients With Hypertension) Study Investigators: Effects of different ACE inhibitor combinations on albuminuria: results of the GUARD study. Kidney Int 2008, 73:1303–1309.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Smith AC, Toto R, Bakris GL: Differential effects of calcium channel blockers on size selectivity of proteinuria in diabetic glomerulopathy. Kidney Int 1998, 54:889–896.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Kesarwani M, Perez A, Lopez VA, et al.: Cardiovascular comorbidities and blood pressure control in stroke survivors. J Hypertens 2009, 27:1056–1063.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Yusuf S, Diener HC, Sacco RL, et al.: Telmisartan to prevent recurrent stroke and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 2008, 359:1225–1237.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Arima H, Chalmers J, Woodward M, et al.: Lower target blood pressures are safe and effective for the prevention of recurrent stroke: the PROGRESS trial. J Hypertens 2006, 24:1201–1208.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Davis G, Donnan S, MacMahon B, et al.: The effects of a perindopril-based blood pressure-lowering regimen on the risk of recurrent stroke according to stroke subtype and medical history: the PROGRESS trial. Stroke 2004, 35:116–121.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. The Telmisartan Randomised AssessmeNt Study in ACE iNtolerant subjects with cardiovascular Disease (TRANSCEND) Investigators, Yusuf S, Teo K, et al.: Effects of the angiotensin-receptor blocker telmisartan on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients intolerant to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2008; 372:1174–1183.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. The Australian therapeutic trial in mild hypertension. Report by the Management Committee. Lancet 1980, 1(8181):1261–1267.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Disclosure

No potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Stevo Julius.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Feldstein, C., Julius, S. Establishing Targets for Hypertension Control in Patients with Comorbidities. Curr Hypertens Rep 12, 465–473 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-010-0153-z

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-010-0153-z

Keywords

Navigation