Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Contingency management interventions for HIV-related behaviors

  • Published:
Current HIV/AIDS Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

    We’re sorry, something doesn't seem to be working properly.

    Please try refreshing the page. If that doesn't work, please contact support so we can address the problem.

Abstract

Contingency management (CM) is a scientifically based treatment approach typically employed in substance abuse treatment settings to reinforce drug abstinence, counseling attendance, completion of activities, or other treatment goals. Although the application of CM to HIV management has few published studies, it shows promise as an intervention for HIV-related behaviors. CM interventions such as voucher reinforcement, prize systems, and cash incentives can be used to reduce HIV risk behaviors and to improve HIV medication adherence. CM programs have wide applicability to HIV prevention and management in clinical and community settings and can be implemented as stand-alone techniques or in combination with other interventions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References and Recommended Reading

  1. Kazdin AE: Behavior Modification in Applied Settings, edn 6. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth; 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Roll JM, Higgins ST, Badger GJ: An experimental comparison of three different schedules of reinforcement of drug abstinence using cigarette smoking as an exemplar. J Appl Behav Anal 1996, 29:495–505.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Petry NM, Alessi SM, Marx J, et al.: Vouchers versus prizes: contingency management treatment of substance abusers in community settings. J Consult Clin Psychol 2005, 6:1005–1014.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Petry NM, Martin B, Finocche C: Contingency management in group treatment: a demonstration project in an HIV drop-in center. J Subst Abuse Treat 2001, 21:89–96.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Deren S, Stephens R, Davis WR, et al.: The impact of providing incentives for attendance at AIDS prevention sessions. Public Health Rep 1994, 109:548–554.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Kamb ML, Rhodes F, Hoxworth T, et al.: What about money? Effect of a small monetary incentive on enrolment, retention, and motivation to change behaviour in an HIV/STD prevention counselling intervention. Sex Transm Infect 1998, 74:253–255.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Silverman K, Higgins ST, Brooner RK, et al.: Sustained cocaine abstinence in methadone maintenance clients through voucher-based reinforcement therapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996, 53:409–415.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Silverman K, Wong CJ, Higgins ST, et al.: Increasing opiate abstinence through voucher-based reinforcement therapy. Drug Alcohol Depend 1996, 41:157–165.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Budney AJ, Moore BA, Rocha HL, Higgins ST: Clinical trial of abstinence-based vouchers and cognitive-behavioral therapy for cannabis dependence. J Consult Clin Psychol 2006, 74:307–316.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Petry NM, Martin B, Cooney JL, Kranzler, HR: Give them prizes and they will come: contingency management for the treatment of alcohol dependence. J Consult Clin Psychol 2000, 68:250–257.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Higgins ST, Heil SH, Lussier JP: Clinical implications of reinforcement as a determinant of substance abuse disorders. Annu Rev Psychol 2004, 55:431–461.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Petry NM: A comprehensive guide to the application of contingency management procedures in clinical settings. Drug Alcohol Depend 2000, 58:9–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Chaisson RE, Keruly JC, McAvinue S, et al.: Effects of an incentive and education program on return rates for PPD test reading in patients with HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1996, 11:455–459.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Perlman DC, Friedmann P, Horn L, et al.: Impact of monetary incentives on adherence to referral for screening chest x-rays after syringe exchange-based tuberculin skin testing. J Urban Health 2003, 80:428–437.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Haukoos JS, Witt MD, Coil CJ, Lewis RJ: The effect of financial incentives on adherence with outpatient human immunodeficiency virus testing referrals from the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 2005, 12:617–621.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Broadhead RS, Heckathorn DD, Altice FL, et al.: Increasing drug users‘ adherence to HIV treatment: results of a peer-driven intervention feasibility. Social Science Medicine 2002, 55:235–246.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Sorensen JL, Copeland AL: Drug abuse treatment as an HIV prevention strategy. Drug Alcohol Depend 2000, 59:17–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Schroeder JR, Epstein DH, Umbricht A, Preston KL: Changes in HIV risk behaviors among patients receiving combined pharmacological and behavioral interventions for heroin and cocaine dependence. Addict Behav 2006, 31:868–879. An investigation of changes in HIV risk behaviors among methadone patients in a behavioral treatment study for cocaine dependence.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Shoptaw S, Reback CJ, Peck JA, et al.: Behavioral treatment approaches for methamphetamine dependence and HIV related sexual risk behaviors among urban gay and bisexual men. Drug Alcohol Depend 2005, 78:125–134. A randomized study of behavioral treatments for methamphetamine dependence examining HIV-related sexual risk behavior outcomes.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Elk R, Grabowski J, Rhoades H, et al.: Compliance with tuberculosis treatment in methadone-maintained patients: behavioral interventions. J Subst Abuse Treat 1993, 10:371–382.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Chaisson RE, Barnes GL, Hackman J, et al.: A randomized, controlled trial of interventions to improve adherence to isoniazid therapy to prevent tuberculosis in injection drug users. Am J Med 2001, 110:664–666.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Carroll KM, Ball SA, Nich C, et al.: Targeting behavioral therapies to enhance naltrexone treatment of opioid dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 2001 58:755–761.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Preston KL, Silverman K, Umbricht A, et al.: Improvement in naltrexone compliance with contingency management. Drug Alcohol Depend 1999, 54:127–135.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Seal KH, Kral AH, Lorvick J, et al.: A randomized trial of monetary incentives vs. outreach to enhance adherence to the hepatitis B vaccine series among injection drug users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2003, 71:127–131.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Rigsby MO, Rosen MI, Beauvais J, et al.: Cue-dose training with monetary reinforcement: pilot study of an antiretroviral adherence intervention. J Gen Intern Med 2000, 15:891–893.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Sorensen JL, Haug NA, Delucchi K, et al.: Voucher reinforcement trial to improve methadone treatment for injection drug users with HIV infection [abstract]. Paper presented at the College on Problems of Drug Dependence sixty-sixth annual scientific meeting. San Juan, Puerto Rico; June 12–17, 2004. A randomized clinical trial of CM voucher reinforcement for antiretroviral adherence among HIV-positive methadone clients.

  27. Rosen MI, Dieckhaus K, McMahon TJ, et al.: Improved adherence with contingency management. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2006, In press. A randomized clinical trial using a CM prize system for antiretroviral adherence in HIV clinic patients.

  28. Epstein DH, Hawkins WE, Covi L, et al.: Cognitive-behavioral therapy plus contingency management for cocaine use: during treatment and across 12-month follow-up. Psychol Addict Behav 2003, 17:73–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Haug NA, Sorensen JL, Gruber VA, et al.: Medication adherence strategies for HIV-positive methadone clients: a treatment manual for implementing voucher incentives and medication coaching. Behav Mod 2006, In press. A clinical treatment manual on implementation of voucher-based reinforcement for antiretroviral adherence with HIV-positive methadone clients.

  30. Higgins ST, Silverman K, eds.: Motivating Behavior Change Among Illicit Drug Abusers: Research on Contingency Management Interventions. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Amass L, Kamien J: A tale of two cities: financing two voucher programs for substance abusers through community donations. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2004, 12:147–155.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Donatelle RJ, Prows SL, Champeau D, Hudson D: Randomised controlled trial using social support and financial incentives for high risk pregnant smokers: significant other supporter (SOS) program. Tobacco Control 2000, 9:iii67-iii69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Kirby KC, Amass L, McLellan AT: Disseminating contingency management research to drug abuse treatment practitioners. In Motivating Behavior Change Among Illicit Drug Abusers: Research on Contingency Management Interventions. Edited by Higgins ST, Silverman K. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 1999:327–344.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nancy A. Haug PhD.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Haug, N.A., Sorensen, J.L. Contingency management interventions for HIV-related behaviors. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 3, 154–159 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-006-0010-5

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-006-0010-5

Keywords

Navigation