Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Epidemiology of MPN: What Do We Know?

  • Myeloproliferative Disorders (C Harrison, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Hematologic Malignancy Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The myeloproliferative neoplasms, are characterised by overproduction of myeloid cells. Chronic myeloid leukaemia, polycythaemia vera, essential thrombocythaemia, myelofibrosis and the very rare disorders chronic neutrophilic leukaemia, chronic eosinophilic leukaemia not otherwise specified and mastocytosis are all included in the group. Incidence and prevalence rates reported in the worldwide literature are presented in this review. Survival data on each condition is described. Information on the aetiology of the disorders is discussed including body mass index, diet, smoking and alcohol, allergies, associated medical conditions, occupation and environmental exposures with focus on recent new studies. The aetiology of the myeloproliferative neoplasms remains unknown, and this review of the current state of knowledge highlights the need for further comprehensive research.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, et al. WHO classification of tumours of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissue. Lyon: IARC; 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  2. James C, Ugo V, Le Couédic J-P, et al. A unique clonal JAK2 mutation leading to constitutive signalling causes polycythaemia vera. Nature. 2005;434:1144–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Mc Lornan DP, Percy MJ, Jones AV, Cross NCP, Mc Mullin MF. Chronic neutrophilic leukemia with an associated V617F JAK2 tyrosine kinase mutation. Haematologica. 2005;90:1696–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Scott LM, Tong W, Levine RL, et al. JAK2 exon 12 mutations in polycythemia vera and idiopathic erythrocytosis. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:459–68.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Pardanani AD, Levine RL, Lasho T, et al. MPL515 mutations in myeloproliferative and other myeloid disorders: a study of 1182 patients. Blood. 2006;108:3472–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Beer PA, Campbell PJ, Scott LM, et al. MPL mutations in myeloproliferative disorders: analysis of the PT-1 cohort. Blood. 2008;112:141–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Grand FH, Hidalgo-Curtis CE, Ernst T, et al. Frequent CBL mutations associated with 11q acquired uniparental disomy in myeloproliferative neoplasms. Blood. 2009;113:6182–92.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Delhommeau F, Dupont S, Della Valle V, et al. Mutation in TET2 in myeloid cancers. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:2289–301.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Klampfl T, Gisslinger H, Harutyunyan AS, Them NC, et al. Somatic CALR mutations in myeloproliferative neoplasms with nonmutated JAK2. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:2391–405. In this issue of the journal CALR, mutations were described by two groups for the first time in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms who were negative for the previously discovered acquired mutations. Thus, a new acquired clone was demonstrated in these patients.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Lasho TL, Elliott MA, Pardanani A, Tefferi A. CALR mutation studies in chronic neutrophilic leukemia. Am J Hematol. 2014;89:450.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Pardanani A, Lasho TL, Laborde RR, Elliott M, Hanson CA, Knudson RA, et al. CSF3R T618I is a highly prevalent and specific mutation in chronic neutrophilic leukemia. Leukemia. 2013;27:1870–3.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Kristensen T, Vestergaard H, Møller MB. Improved detection of the KIT D816V mutation in patients with systemic mastocytosis using a quantitative and highly sensitive real-time qPCR assay. J Mol Diagn. 2011;13:180–8.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Broccia G, Deplano W, Dessalvi P, et al. Hematological malignancies in the island of Sardinia, 1974-1993: age and sex distributions and temporal changes in incidence. Hematol Oncol. 2004;22:91–109.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Johansson P, Kutti J, Andréasson B, et al. Trends in the incidence of chronic Philadelphia chromosome negative (Ph-) myeloproliferative disorders in the city of Göteborg, Sweden, during 1983-99. J Intern Med. 2004;256:161–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Titmarsh GJ, Duncombe AS, McMullin MF, et al. How common are myeloproliferative neoplasms? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Hematol. 2014;89(6):581–7. This paper analyses all published information on incidence and prevalence of myeloproliferative neoplasms and derives composite figures for each disorder from the information.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Nennecke A, Wienecke A, Kraywinkel K. Leukemia incidence and survival in Germany according to current standardized categories. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2014;57:93–102.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Chen Y, Wang H, Kantarjian H, Cortes J. Trends in chronic myeloid leukemia incidence and survival in the United States from 1975 to 2009. Leuk Lymphoma. 2013;54:1411–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Bhayat F, Das-Gupta E, Smith C, McKeever T, Hubbard R. The incidence of and mortality from leukaemias in the UK: a general population-based study. BMC Cancer. 2009;9:252.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Sant M, Allemani C, Tereanu C, et al. Incidence of hematologic malignancies in Europe by morphologic subtype: results of the HAEMACARE project. Blood. 2010;116:3724–34.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Radivoyevitch T, Jankovic GM, Tiu RV, et al. Sex differences in the incidence of chronic myeloid leukemia. Radiat Environ Biophys. 2014;53:55–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Huang X, Cortes J, Kantarjian H. Estimations of the increasing prevalence and plateau prevalence of chronic myeloid leukemia in the era of tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. Cancer. 2012;118:3123–7.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Kurita S. Epidemiological studies of polycythemia vera in Japan (author’s transl). Nihon Ketsueki Gakkai Zasshi. 1974;37:793–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Chaiter Y, Brenner B, Aghai E, Tatarsky I. High incidence of myeloproliferative disorders in Ashkenazi Jews in northern Israel. Leuk Lymphoma. 1992;7:251–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Rollison DE, Howlader N, Smith MT, et al. Epidemiology of myelodysplastic syndromes and chronic myeloproliferative disorders in the United States, 2001-2004, using data from the NAACCR and SEER programs. Blood. 2008;112:45–52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Phekoo KJ, Richards MA, Møller H, Schey SA. The incidence and outcome of myeloid malignancies in 2,112 adult patients in southeast England. Haematologica. 2006;91:1400–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Mesa RA, Verstovsek S, Cervantes F, et al. Primary myelofibrosis (PMF), post polycythemia vera myelofibrosis (post-PV MF), post essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis (post-ET MF), blast phase PMF (PMF-BP): consensus on terminology by the International Working Group for Myelofibrosis Research and Treatment. Leuk Res. 2007;31:737–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Modan B. An epidemiological study of polycythemia vera. Blood. 1965;26:657–67.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Jensen MK, de Nully BP, Nielsen OJ, Hasselbalch HC. Incidence, clinical features and outcome of essential thrombocythaemia in a well defined geographical area. Eur J Haematol. 2000;65:132–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Woodliff HJ, Dougan L. Myelofibrosis in Western Australia: an epidemiological study of 29 cases. Med J Aust. 1976;1:523–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Moulard O, Mehta J, Fryzek J, Olivares R, Iqbal U, Mesa RA. Epidemiology of myelofibrosis, essential thrombocythemia, and polycythemia vera in the European Union. Eur J Haematol. 2014;92:289–97. This is a systematic study of literature and databases to elucidate information on incidence and prevalence of myeloproliferative neoplasms in Europe.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Bittencourt RI, Vassallo J, Chauffaille ML, et al. Philadelphia-negative chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms. Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter. 2012;34:140–9.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Cohen SS, Skovbo S, Vestergaard H, et al. Epidemiology of systemic mastocytosis in Denmark. Br J Haemat. 2014;166:521–8.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Valent P. Mastocytosis: a paradigmatic example of a rare disease with complex biology and pathology. Am J Cancer Res. 2013;3:159–72.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Maynadié M, De Angelis R, Marcos-Gragera R, et al. Survival of European patients diagnosed with myeloid malignancies: a HAEMACARE study. Haematologica. 2013;98:230–8.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Sant M, Minicozzi P, Mounier M, et al. Remarkable survival improvements for haematological malignancies highlighted by the EUROCARE population based registries from late nineties to 2008. Lancet Oncol 2014; (in press).

  36. Brunner AM, Campigotto F, Sadrzadeh H, et al. Trends in all-cause mortality among patients with chronic myeloid leukemia: a Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database analysis. Cancer. 2013;119:2620–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Smith AG, Painter D, Howell DA, et al. Determinants of survival in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia treated in the new era of oral therapy: findings from a UK population-based patient cohort. BMJ Open. 2014;4:e004266.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Mandal R, Bolt DM, Shah BK. Disparities in chronic myeloid leukemia survival by age, gender, and ethnicity in pre- and post-imatinib eras in the US. Acta Oncol. 2013;52:837–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Castagnetti F, Palandri F, Amabile M, et al. Results of high-dose imatinib mesylate in intermediate Sokal risk chronic myeloid leukemia patients in early chronic phase: a phase 2 trial of the GIMEMA CML Working Party. Blood. 2009;113:3428–34.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Hultcrantz M, Kristinsson SY, Andersson TM-L, et al. Patterns of survival among patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms diagnosed in Sweden from 1973 to 2008: a population-based study. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:2995–3001.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Cherry M, Cardenas-Turanzas M, Pham H, et al. Patients with polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia with prior malignancy do not have significantly worse outcome. Leuk Res. 2013;37:1472–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Tefferi A, Rumi E, Finazzi G, et al. Survival and prognosis among 1545 patients with contemporary polycythemia vera: an international study. Leukemia. 2013;27:1874–81.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Bonicelli G, Abdulkarim K, Mounier M, et al. Leucocytosis and thrombosis at diagnosis are associated with poor survival in polycythaemia vera: a population-based study of 327 patients. Br J Haematol. 2013;160:251–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Montanaro M, Latagliata R, Cedrone M, et al. Thrombosis and survival in essential thrombocythemia: a regional study of 1144 patients. Am J Hematol. 2014;89:542–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Passamonti F, Thiele J, Girodon F, et al. A prognostic model to predict survival in 867 World Health Organization-defined essential thrombocythemia at diagnosis: a study by the international working group on myelofibrosis research and treatment. Blood. 2012;120:1197–201.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Rotunno G, Mannarelli C, Guglielmelli P, et al. Impact of calreticulin mutations on clinical and hematological phenotype and outcome in essential thrombocythemia. Blood. 2014;123:1552–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Cervantes F, Dupriez B, Passamonti F, et al. Improving survival trends in primary myelofibrosis: an international study. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:2981–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Pardanani A, Lasho TL, Finke CM, et al. Polyclonal immunoglobulin free light chain levels predict survival in myeloid neoplasms. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:1087–94.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Barbui T, Carobbio A, Finazzi G, et al. Elevated C-reactive protein is associated with shortened leukemia-free survival in patients with myelofibrosis. Leukemia. 2013;27:2084–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Helbig G, Wieczorkiewicz A, Woźniczka K, et al. The JAK2V617F tyrosine kinase mutation has no impact on overall survival and the risk of leukemic transformation in myelofibrosis. Med Oncol. 2012;29:2379–84.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Martínez-Trillos A, Maffioli M, Colomer D, et al. Relationship between the 46/1 haplotype of the JAK2 gene and the JAK2 mutational status and allele burden, the initial findings, and the survival of patients with myelofibrosis. Ann Hematol. 2014;93:797–802.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Vannucchi AM, Lasho TL, Guglielmelli P, et al. Mutations and prognosis in primary myelofibrosis. Leukemia. 2013;27:1861–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Tefferi A, Guglielmelli P, Lasho TL, et al. CALR and ASXL1 mutations-based molecular prognostication in primary myelofibrosis: an international study of 570 patients. Leukemia. 2014;28:1494–500.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Lekovic D, Gotic M, Perunicic-Jovanovic M, et al. Contribution of comorbidities and grade of bone marrow fibrosis to the prognosis of survival in patients with primary myelofibrosis. Med Oncol. 2014;31:869.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Mascarenhas J, Hoffman R. A comprehensive review and analysis of the effect of ruxolitinib therapy on the survival of patients with myelofibrosis. Blood. 2013;121:4832–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Verstovsek S, Mesa RA, Gotlib J, et al. Efficacy, safety and survival with ruxolitinib in patients with myelofibrosis: results of a median 2-year follow-up of COMFORT-I. Haematologica. 2013;98:1865–71.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Wang JS, Ho CH, Lin CK. Chronic neutrophilic leukemia—report of a case and review of the literature. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 1990;46:109–12.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Elliott MA, Hanson CA, Dewald GW, Smoley SA, Lasho TL, Tefferi A. WHO-defined chronic neutrophilic leukemia: a long-term analysis of 12 cases and a critical review of the literature. Leukemia. 2005;19:313–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Reilly JT. Chronic neutrophilic leukaemia: a distinct clinical entity? Br J Haematol. 2002;116:10–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Damaj G, Joris M, Chandesris O, et al. ASXL1 and not TET2 mutations adversely impact overall survival of patients suffering systemic mastocytosis with associated clonal hematologic non-mast-cell diseases. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e85362.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Escribano L, Alvarez-Twose I, Sanchez-Munoz L, et al. Prognosis in adult indolent systemic mastocytosis: a long-term study of the Spanish network on mastocytosis in a series of 145 patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;124:514521.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Murphy F, Kroll ME, Pirie K, Reeves G, Green J, Beral V. Body size in relation to incidence of subtypes of haematological malignancy in the prospective Million Women Study. Br J Cancer. 2013;108:2390–8. A cohort of over a million women in the UK were followed for 10 years providing a wealth of data. Incident cancer was ascertained. This paper looks at haematological malignancy and body size and height and what associations occur.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Kabat GC, Wu JW, Moore SC, et al. Lifestyle and dietary factors in relation to risk of chronic myeloid leukemia in the NIH-AARP diet and health study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2013;22:848–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Saberi Hosnijeh F, Romieu I, et al. Anthropometric characteristics and risk of lymphoid and myeloid leukemia in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC). Cancer Causes Control. 2013;24:427–38. A study investigating the association between cancer and nutrition following patients in 10 European countries. There were 671 patients with leukaemia followed for a median of 11.5 years and the relationships with anthropomorphic characteristics are studied in the paper.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Larsson SC, Wolk A. Overweight and obesity and incidence of leukemia: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Int J Cancer. 2008;122:1418–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Engeland A, Tretli S, Hansen S, Bjørge T. Height and body mass index and risk of lymphohematopoietic malignancies in two million Norwegian men and women. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;165:44–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Kasim K, Levallois P, Abdous B, Auger P, Johnson KC. Lifestyle factors and the risk of adult leukemia in Canada. Cancer Causes Control. 2005;16:489–500.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Strom SS, Yamamura Y, Kantarijian HM, Cortes-Franco JE. Obesity, weight gain, and risk of chronic myeloid leukemia. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009;18:1501–6.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Leal AD, Thompson CA, Wang AH, Vierkant RA, Habermann TM, Ross JA, et al. Anthropometric, medical history and lifestyle risk factors for myeloproliferative neoplasms in the Iowa Women’s Health Study cohort. Int J Cancer. 2014;134:1741–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Kasim K, Johnson KC, Levallois P, Abdous B, Auger P. Recreational physical activity and the risk of adult leukemia in Canada. Cancer Causes Control. 2009;20:1377–86.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Saberi Hosnijeh F, Peeters P, Romieu I, et al. Dietary intakes and risk of lymphoid and myeloid leukemia in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC). Nutr Cancer. 2014;66:14–28. This paper looks in detail at a large number of dietary factors in this very extensively investigated cohort of European patients and explores any links to the haematological malignancy.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Musselman JRB, Blair CK, Cerhan JR, Nguyen P, Hirsch B, Ross JA. Risk of adult acute and chronic myeloid leukemia with cigarette smoking and cessation. Cancer Epidemiol. 2013;37:410–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Richardson DB, Terschüren C, Pohlabeln H, Jöckel K-H, Hoffmann W. Temporal patterns of association between cigarette smoking and leukemia risk. Cancer Causes Control. 2008;19:43–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Björk J, Albin M, Welinder H, et al. Are occupational, hobby, or lifestyle exposures associated with Philadelphia chromosome positive chronic myeloid leukaemia? Occup Environ Med. 2001;58:722–7.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Kroll ME, Murphy F, Pirie K, Reeves GK, Green J, Beral V. Alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking and subtypes of haematological malignancy in the UK million women study. Br J Cancer. 2012;107:879–87. Looking at degrees of alcohol and tobacco consumption and relationship to haematological malignancy in this 1.3 million group of women, the size and extent of this vast study provides useful evidence.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Mele A, Visani G, Pulsoni A, Monarca B, Castelli G, Stazi MA, et al. Risk factors for essential thrombocythemia: a case-control study. Italian leukemia study group. Cancer. 1996;77:2157–61.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Gorini G, Stagnaro E, Fontana V, Miligi L, Ramazzotti V, Nanni O, et al. Alcohol consumption and risk of leukemia: a multicenter case-control study. Leuk Res. 2007;31:379–86.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Shadman M, White E, De Roos AJ, Walter RB. Associations between allergies and risk of hematologic malignancies: results from the VITamins And Lifestyle cohort study. Am J Hematol. 2013;88:1050–4.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Quinlan SC, Morton LM, Pfeiffer RM, et al. Increased risk for lymphoid and myeloid neoplasms in elderly solid-organ transplant recipients. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2010;19:1229–37.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Shebl FM, Warren JL, Eggers PW, Engels EA. Cancer risk among elderly persons with end-stage renal disease: a population-based case-control study. BMC Nephrol. 2012;13:65.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Titmarsh GJ, McMullin MF, McShane CM, Clarke M, Engels EA, Anderson LA. Community-acquired infections and their association with myeloid malignancies. Cancer Epidemiol. 2013;38:56–61. The SEER database has extensive information on medical conditions in a very large group. This paper interrogates the database to investigate for infections and associations with myeloid malignancy prior to diagnosis. A number of interesting associations are discovered.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Anderson LA, Pfeiffer RM, Landgren O, Gadalla S, Berndt SI, Engels EA. Risks of myeloid malignancies in patients with autoimmune conditions. Br J Cancer. 2009;100:822–8.

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Anderson LA, Pfeiffer R, Warren JL, et al. Hematopoietic malignancies associated with viral and alcoholic hepatitis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008;17:3069–75.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Gentile G, Mele A, Monarco B, et al. Hepatitis B and C viruses, human T-cell lymphotropic virus types I and II, and leukemias: a case-control study. Ital Leuk Study Group Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 1996;5:227–30.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Zheng W, Linet MS, Shu XO, Pan RP, Gao YT, Fraumeni JF. Prior medical conditions and the risk of adult leukemia in Shanghai, People’s Republic of China. Cancer Causes Control. 1993;4:361–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Johnson KJ, Blair CM, Fink JM, et al. Medical conditions and risk of adult myeloid leukemia. Cancer Causes Control. 2012;23:1083–9.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Howard RA, Gilbert ES, Chen BE, et al. Leukemia following breast cancer: an international population-based study of 376,825 women. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2007;105:359–68.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Pizzolito S, Barbone F, Rizzi C, Scott A, Piemonte M, Beltrami C. Parathyroid adenomas and malignant neoplasms: coincidence or etiological association? Adv Clin Path. 1997;1:275–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Khalade A, Jaakkola MS, Pukkala E, Jaakkola JJ. Exposure to benzene at work and the risk of leukemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Envir Health. 2010;9:31.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Vlaanderen J, Lan Q, Kromhout H, Rothman N, Vermeulen R. Occupational benzene exposure and the risk of chronic myeloid leukemia: a meta-analysis of cohort studies incorporating study quality dimensions. Am J Ind Med. 2012;55:779–85.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Glass DC, Schnatter AR, Tang G, Irons RD, Rushton L. Risk of myeloproliferative disease and chronic myeloid leukaemia following exposure to low-level benzene in a nested case-control study of petroleum workers. Occup Environ Med. 2014;71:266–74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Terreros M. Exposure to occupational and environmental risk factors in hematologic disorders. Neoplasia. 1997;14:133–6.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Anderson LA, Duncombe AS, Hughes M, Mills ME, Wilson JC, McMullin MF. Environmental, lifestyle, and familial/ethnic factors associated with myeloproliferative neoplasms. Am J Hematol. 2012;87:175–82. In this study, all the published literature on the aetiology of myeloproliferative neoplasms is analyzed and findings are summarised and presented.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Luckhaupt SE, Deapen D, Cress R, Schumacher P, Shen R, Calvert GM. Leukemia among male construction workers in California, 1988-2007. Leuk Lymphoma. 2012;53:2228–36.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Giles GG, Lickiss JN, Baikie MJ, Lowenthal RM, Panton J. Myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative disorders in Tasmania, 1972-80: occupational and familial aspects. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1984;72:1233–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Van Maele-Fabry G, Duhayon S, Lison D. A systematic review of myeloid leukemias and occupational pesticide exposure. Cancer Causes Control. 2007;18:457–78.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Falcetta R, Sacerdote C, Bazzan M, et al. Occupational and environmental risk factors for essential thrombocythemia: a case-control study. G Ital Med Lav Ergon. 2014;25:9–12.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Pasqualetti P, Casale R, Colantonio D, Collacciani A. Occupational risk for hematological malignancies. Am J Hematol. 1991;38:147–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Sorahan T. Magnetic fields and leukaemia risks in UK electricity supply workers. Occup Med (Lond). 2014;64:157–65.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Feychting M, Ahlbom A. Magnetic fields, leukemia, and central nervous system tumors in Swedish adults residing near high-voltage power lines. Epidemiology. 1994;5:501–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Feychting M, Forssén U, Floderus B. Occupational and residential magnetic field exposure and leukemia and central nervous system tumors. Epidemiology. 1997;8:384–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Hsu W-L, Preston DL, Soda M, Sugiyama H, Funamoto S, Kodama K, et al. The incidence of leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma among atomic bomb survivors: 1950-2001. Radiat Res. 2013;179:361–82.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Najean Y, Rain JD, Billotey C. Epidemiological data in polycythaemia vera: a study of 842 cases. Hematol Cell Ther. 1998;40:159–65.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Merk K, Mattsson B, Mattsson A, Holm G, Gullbring B, Björkholm M. The incidence of cancer among blood donors. Int J Epidemiol. 1990;19:505–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Magnussen K, Hasselbalch HC, Ullum H, Bjerrum OW. Characterization of blood donors with high haemoglobin concentration. Vox Sang. 2013;104:110–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Conflict of Interest

Dr. Lesley Anderson and Dr. Mary Frances McMullin each declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by either of the authors.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Grosvenor Road, Belfast, BT12 6BJ, Northern Ireland

    L. A. Anderson

  2. Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7AE, Northern Ireland

    M. F. McMullin

Authors
  1. L. A. Anderson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. F. McMullin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. F. McMullin.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Anderson, L.A., McMullin, M.F. Epidemiology of MPN: What Do We Know?. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 9, 340–349 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11899-014-0228-z

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11899-014-0228-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation