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Association Between Diabetes, Diabetic Retinopathy, and Glaucoma

  • Microvascular Complications—Retinopathy (R Channa, Section Editor)
  • Published:
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Abstract

Purpose of Review

The strength of the relationship between diabetes, diabetic retinopathy (DR), and glaucoma remains controversial. We review evidence supporting and refuting this association and explore mechanistic pathological and treatment relationships linking these diseases.

Recent Findings

While studies have shown diabetes/DR may increase the risk for glaucoma, this remains inconsistently demonstrated. Diabetes/DR may contribute toward glaucomatous optic neuropathy indirectly (either by increasing intraocular pressure or vasculopathy) or through direct damage to the optic nerve. However, certain elements of diabetes may slow glaucoma progression, and diabetic treatment may concurrently be beneficial in glaucoma management. Diabetes plays a significant role in poor outcomes after glaucoma surgery.

Summary

While the relationship between diabetes/DR and glaucoma remains controversial, multiple mechanistic links connecting pathophysiology and management of diabetes, DR, and glaucoma have been made. However, a deeper understanding of the causes of disease association is needed.

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Funding

Tobias Elze is supported by NIH R01 EY030575-01, NIH R21 EY030631-01, NSF STTR1937931, and BrightFocus Foundation. Nazlee Zebardast was supported in part by the MEE Institutional Startup Fund and NEI/NIH K23 career development award K23EY032634. All authors are supported by NIH core grant P30 EY003790.

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  1. Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA

    Yangjiani Li & Tobias Elze

  2. State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China

    Yangjiani Li

  3. Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA

    William Mitchell & Nazlee Zebardast

  4. Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear, Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia

    William Mitchell

  5. Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA

    Nazlee Zebardast

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Li, Y., Mitchell, W., Elze, T. et al. Association Between Diabetes, Diabetic Retinopathy, and Glaucoma. Curr Diab Rep 21, 38 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-021-01404-5

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