Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Diabetes and Menopause

  • Other Forms of Diabetes (JJ Nolan, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Diabetes Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

During menopause, women’s body composition, sex hormone profile, and metabolic profile may change dramatically. In this review, we summarize studies examining whether the menopausal transition and physiologic factors characterizing the transition are associated with increased risk of diabetes. We review the evidence for estrogen therapy and diabetes risk and studies examining the relationship between diabetes and menarche, which represents an extension of the reproductive life span at the opposite end of the age spectrum. Although studied less extensively, the presence of type 1 or type 2 diabetes may increase the risk of ovarian failure, and we review this literature. In conclusion, we note that the evidence linking menopausal sex hormone changes with increased diabetes risk is weak, although rapid changes as observed with oophorectomy may increase risk. Further studies should investigate the contradictory effects of estrogen therapy upon hepatic and glucose metabolism in mid-life women.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance, •• Of major importance

  1. Narayan KM, Boyle JP, Thompson TJ, et al. Lifetime risk for diabetes mellitus in the United States. JAMA. 2003;290(14):1884–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Harlow SD, Gass M, Hall JE, et al. Executive summary of the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop + 10: addressing the unfinished agenda of staging reproductive aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(4):1159–68. This paper provides the contemporary methodology for defining the stages of reproductive aging and makes recommendations on the future directions for staging the menopausal transition.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Kim C. Does menopause increase diabetes risk? Strategies for diabetes prevention in midlife women. Womens Health. 2012;8(2):155–67.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Sowers MR, Zheng H, McConnell D, et al. Follicle stimulating hormone and its rate of change in defining menopause transition stages. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(10):3958–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Sowers MR, Zheng H, McConnell D, et al. Estradiol rates of change in relation to the final menstrual period in a population-based cohort of women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(10):3847–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Randolph Jr JF, Zheng H, Sowers MR, et al. Change in follicle-stimulating hormone and estradiol across the menopausal transition: effect of age at the final menstrual period. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(3):746–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Sowers MR, Eyvazzadeh AD, McConnell D, et al. Anti-mullerian hormone and inhibin B in the definition of ovarian aging and the menopause transition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(9):3478–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Rosen MP, Johnstone E, McCulloch CE, et al. A characterization of the relationship of ovarian reserve markers with age. Fertil Steril. 2012;97(1):238–43.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. van Rooij IA, Broekmans FJ, Scheffer GJ, et al. Serum antimullerian hormone levels best reflect the reproductive decline with age in normal women with proven fertility: a longitudinal study. Fertil Steril. 2005;83(4):979–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. de Vet A, Laven JS, de Jong FH, et al. Antimüllerian hormone serum levels: a putative marker for ovarian aging. Fertil Steril. 2002;77(2):357–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Ledger WL. Clinical utility of measurement of anti-mullerian hormone in reproductive endocrinology. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(12):5144–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Lauritsen M, Bentzen J, Pinborg A, et al. The prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in a normal population according to the Rotterdam criteria versus revised criteria including anti-mullerian hormone. Hum Reprod. 2014;29(4):791–801.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Heianza Y, Arase Y, Kodama S, et al. Effect of postmenopausal status and age at menopause on type 2 diabetes and prediabetes in Japanese individuals: Toranomon Hospital Health Management Center Study 17 (TOPICS 17). Diabetes Care. 2013;36(12):4007–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Di Donato P, Giulini NA, Bacchi Modena A, et al. Risk factors for type 2 diabetes in women attending menopause clinics in Italy: a cross-sectional study. Climacteric. 2005;8(3):287–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Muscelli E, Kozakova M, Flyvbjerg A, et al. The effect of menopause on carotid artery remodeling, insulin sensitivity, and plasma adiponectin in healthy women. Am J Hypertens. 2009;4:364–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Monterrosa-Castro A, Blumel JE, Portela-Buelvas K, et al. Type II diabetes mellitus and menopause: a multinational study. Climacteric. 2013;16:663–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Lee JS, Hayashi K, Mishra G, et al. Independent association between age at natural menopause and hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus: Japan nurses’ health study. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2013;20(2):161–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Soriguer F, Morcillo S, Hernando V, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and other cardiovascular risk factors are no more common during menopause: longitudinal study. Menopause. 2009;16(4):817–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Mishra GD, Carrigan G, Brown WJ, et al. Short-term weight change and the incidence of diabetes in midlife: results from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(6):1418–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Kim C, Edelstein SL, Crandall JP, et al. Menopause and risk of diabetes in the Diabetes Prevention Program. Menopause. 2011;18(8):857–68.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  21. Malacara JM, Huerta R, Rivera B, et al. Menopause in normal and uncomplicated NIDDM women: physical and emotional symptoms and hormone profile. Maturitas. 1997;28(1):35–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Appiah D, Winters SJ, Hornung CA. Bilateral oophorectomy and the risk of incident diabetes in postmenopausal women. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(3):725–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Brand JS, van der Schouw YT, Onland-Moret NC, et al. Age at menopause, reproductive life span, and type 2 diabetes risk: results from the EPIC-InterAct study. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(4):1012–9. This is a subcohort analysis of the larger EPIC study, reference 25.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Luborsky JL, Meyer P, Sowers MF, et al. Premature menopause in a multi-ethnic population study of the menopause transition. Hum Reprod. 2003;18(1):199–206.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Brand JS, Onland-Moret NC, Eijkemans MJ, et al. Diabetes and onset of natural menopause: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Hum Reprod. 2015;30(6):1491–8. This is the largest prospective study examining the association between diabetes and age at natural menopause.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Qiu C, Chen H, Wen J, et al. Associations between age at menarche and menopause with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and osteoporosis in Chinese women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(4):1612–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. He L, Tang X, Li N, et al. Menopause with cardiovascular disease and its risk factors among rural Chinese women in Beijing: a population-based study. Maturitas. 2012;72(2):132–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Lopez-Lopez R, Huerta R, Malacara JM. Age at menopause in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Menopause. 1999;6(2):174–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Lejskova M, Pit’ha J, Adamkova S, et al. Bilateral oophorectomy may have an unfavorable effect on glucose metabolism compared with natural menopause. Physiol Res. 2014;63 Suppl 3:S395–402.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Riant E, Waget A, Cogo H, et al. Estrogens protect against high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance and glucose intolerance in mice. Endocrinology. 2009;150(5):2109–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Zhu L, Martinez MN, Emfinger CH, et al. Estrogen signaling prevents diet-induced hepatic insulin resistance in male mice with obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2014;306(10):E1188–97.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Baek TH, Lim NK, Kim MJ, et al. Age at menarche and its association with dysglycemia in Korean middle-aged women. Menopause. 2015;22(5):542–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Chen L, Zhang C, Yeung E, et al. Age at menarche and metabolic markers for type 2 diabetes in premenopausal women: the Biocycle Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(6):E1007–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Day FR, Elks CE, Murray A, et al. Puberty timing associated with diabetes, cardiovascular disease and also diverse health outcomes in men and women: the UK Biobank study. Sci Rep. 2015;18(5):11208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. He C, Zhang C, Hunter DJ, et al. Age at menarche and risk of type 2 diabetes: results from 2 large prospective cohort studies. Am J Epidemiol. 2010;171(3):334–44.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Lakshman R, Forouhi N, Luben R, et al. Association between age at menarche and risk of diabetes in adults: results from the EPIC-Norfolk cohort study. Diabetologia. 2008;51(5):781–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Sternfeld B, Wang H, Quesenberry Jr CP, et al. Physical activity and changes in weight and waist circumference in midlife women: findings from the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;160(9):912–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Davies KM, Heaney RP, Recker RR, et al. Hormones, weight change and menopause. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25(6):874–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Davis SR, Castelo-Branco C, Chedraui P, et al. Understanding weight gain at menopause. Climacteric. 2012;15(5):419–29.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Toth MJ, Tchernof A, Sites CK, et al. Menopause-related changes in body fat distribution. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000;904:502–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Sowers M, Zheng H, Tomey K, et al. Changes in body composition in women over six years at midlife: ovarian and chronological aging. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(3):895–901.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. De Pergola G, Maldera S, Tartagni M, et al. Inhibitory effect of obesity on gonadotropin, estradiol, and inhibin B levels in fertile women. Obesity. 2006;14(11):1954–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Lin H, et al. Obesity and reproductive hormone levels in the transition to menopause. Menopause. 2010;17:718–26.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Nelson LR, Bulun SE. Estrogen production and action. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;45(3 Suppl):S116–124.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Szymczak J, Milewicz A, Thijssen JH, et al. Concentration of sex steroids in adipose tissue after menopause. Steroids. 1998;63(5-6):319–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Pfeilschifter J, Koditz R, Pfohl M, et al. Changes in proinflammatory cytokine activity after menopause. Endocr Rev. 2002;23(1):90–119.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Malutan AM, Dan M, Nicolae C, et al. Proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine changes related to menopause. Prz Menopauzalny. 2014;13(3):162–8.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Vryonidou A, Paschou SA, Muscogiuri G, et al. Mechanisms in endocrinology: metabolic syndrome through the female life cycle. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015;173(5):R153–163.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Sites CK, Calles-Escandon J, Brochu M, et al. Relation of regional fat distribution to insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril. 2000;73(1):61–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Barrett-Connor E, Schrott HG, Greendale G, et al. Factors associated with glucose and insulin levels in healthy postmenopausal women. Diabetes Care. 1996;19:333–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Campbell AJ, Busby WJ, Horwath CC, et al. Relation of age, exercise, anthropometric measurements, and diet with glucose and insulin levels in a population aged 70 years and over. Am J Epidemiol. 1993;138:688–96.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Kim C, Halter JB. Endogenous sex hormones, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes in men and women. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2014;16(4):467.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Sowers MF, Zheng H, McConnell D, et al. Testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin and free androgen index among adult women: chronological and ovarian aging. Hum Reprod. 2009;24(9):2276–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Oh JY, Barrett-Connor E, Wedick NM, et al. Endogenous sex hormones and the development of type 2 diabetes in older men and women: the Rancho Bernardo study. Diabetes Care. 2002;25(1):55–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Goodman-Gruen D, Barrett-Connor E. Sex hormone-binding globulin and glucose tolerance in postmenopausal women. The Rancho Bernardo study. Diabetes Care. 1997;20(4):645–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Golden SH, Dobs AS, Vaidya D, et al. Endogenous sex hormones and glucose tolerance status in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(4):1289–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Kalyani RR, Franco M, Dobs AS, et al. The association of endogenous sex hormones, adiposity, and insulin resistance with incident diabetes in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(11):4127–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Ding EL, Song Y, Manson JE, et al. Plasma sex steroid hormones and risk of developing type 2 diabetes in women: a prospective study. Diabetologia. 2007;50(10):2076–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Ding EL, Song Y, Manson JE, et al. Sex hormone-binding globulin and risk of type 2 diabetes in women and men. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(12):1152–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Janssen I, Powell LH, Crawford S, et al. Menopause and the metabolic syndrome: the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(14):1568–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Cignarella A, Kratz M, Bolego C. Emerging role of estrogen in control of cardiometabolic disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2010;31(4):183–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Mather KM, Kim C, Christophi CA, et al. Steroid sex hormones, sex hormone binding globulin and diabetes incidence in the Diabetes Prevention Program. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(10):3778–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Buschur E, Sarma A, Pietropaolo M, et al. Self-reported autoimmune disease by sex in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) Study. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(2):E28–29.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Dorman JS, Steenkiste AR, Foley TP, et al. Menopause in type 1 diabetic women: is it premature? Diabetes. 2001;50(8):1857–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Strotmeyer ES, Steenkiste AR, Foley Jr TP, et al. Menstrual cycle differences between women with type 1 diabetes and women without diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(4):1016–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Snell-Bergeon JK, Dabelea D, Ogden LG, et al. Reproductive history and hormonal birth control use are associated with coronary calcium progression in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(6):2142–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study Group. The burden of diabetes mellitus among U.S. youth: prevalence estimates from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study. Pediatrics. 2006;118:1510–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Sjoberg L, Pitkaniemi J, Harjutsalo V, et al. Menopause in women with type 1 diabetes. Menopause. 2011;18(2):158–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Kim C, Cleary PA, Cowie CC, et al. Effect of glycemic treatment and microvascular complications on menopause in women with type 1 diabetes in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) cohort. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(3):701–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Yarde F, van der Schouw YT, de Valk HW, et al. Age at menopause in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus: the OVADIA study. Hum Reprod. 2015;30(2):441–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Khalil N, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Strotmeyer ES, et al. Menopausal bone changes and incident fractures in diabetic women: a cohort study. Osteoporos Int. 2011;22(5):1367–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Kanaya AM, Herrington D, Vittinghoff E, et al. Glycemic effects of postmenopausal hormone therapy: the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2003;138(1):1–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Margolis KL, Bonds DE, Rodabough RJ, et al. Effect of oestrogen plus progestin on the incidence of diabetes in postmenopausal women: results from the Women’s Health Initiative Hormone Trial. Diabetologia. 2004;47(7):1175–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Bonds DE, Lasser N, Qui L, et al. The effect of conjugated equine estrogen on diabetes incidence: the Women’s Health Initiative randomized trial. Diabetologia. 2006;49(3):459–68.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Rossi R, Origliani G, Modena MG. Transdermal 17-beta-estradiol and risk of developing type 2 diabetes in a population of healthy, nonobese postmenopausal women. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(3):645–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Manson JE, Rimm EB, Colditz GA, et al. A prospective study of postmenopausal estrogen therapy and subsequent incidence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Ann Epidemiol. 1992;2(5):665–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Pentti K, Tuppurainen MT, Honkanen R, et al. Hormone therapy protects from diabetes: the Kuopio Osteoporosis Risk Factor and Prevention Study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009;160(6):979–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. de Lauzon-Guillain B, Fournier A, Fabre A, et al. Menopausal hormone therapy and new-onset diabetes in the French Etude Epidemiologique de Femmes de la Mutuelle Generale de l’Education Nationale (E3N) cohort. Diabetologia. 2009;52(10):2092–100.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Salpeter SR, Walsh JM, Ormiston TM, et al. Meta-analysis: effect of hormone-replacement therapy on components of the metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2006;8(5):538–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Xu Y, Lin J, Wang S, et al. Combined estrogen replacement therapy on metabolic control in postmenopausal women with diabetes mellitus. Kaohsiung J Med Soc. 2014;30(7):350–61. This is a meta-analysis of studies published between 2001 and 2011 which evaluated the association of hormone therapy and diabetes risk.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Espeland MA, Hogan PE, Fineberg SE, et al. Effect of postmenopausal hormone therapy on glucose and insulin concentrations. Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions. Diabetes Care. 1998;21(10):1589–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Moyer VA, U.S. Preventative Services Task Force. Menopausal hormone therapy for the primary prevention of chronic conditions: U.S. Preventative Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158(1):47–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Cignarella A, Bolego C. Mechanisms of estrogen protection in diabetes and metabolic disease. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig. 2010;4(2):575–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Hodis HN, Mack WJ. Hormone replacement therapy and the association with coronary heart disease and overall mortality: clinical application of the timing hypothesis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2014;142:68–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Pereira RI, Casey BA, Swibas TA, et al. Timing of estradiol treatment after menopause may determine benefit or harm to insulin action. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015. [Epub ahead of print]. This study evaluated the hypothesized ‘timing hypothesis’ with regard to estrogen therapy and diabetes. Findings from this study may explain some of the discordant findings regarding menopause and diabetes.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Room 6618, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA

    Carrie A. Karvonen-Gutierrez

  2. Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 1415 Washington Heights, Room 5541, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA

    Sung Kyun Park

  3. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Building 16, Room 430W, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA

    Catherine Kim

  4. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, 2800 Plymouth Road, Building 16, Room 430W, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA

    Catherine Kim

Authors
  1. Carrie A. Karvonen-Gutierrez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sung Kyun Park
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Catherine Kim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Carrie A. Karvonen-Gutierrez.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

Carrie A. Karvonen-Gutierrez, Sung Kyun Park, and Catherine Kim declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Other Forms of Diabetes

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Karvonen-Gutierrez, C.A., Park, S.K. & Kim, C. Diabetes and Menopause. Curr Diab Rep 16, 20 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-016-0714-x

Download citation

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-016-0714-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation