Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Current Treatment Strategies for Tricuspid Regurgitation

  • Valvular Heart Disease (T Kiefer, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Cardiology Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Tricuspid regurgitation is common; however, recognition and diagnosis, clinical outcomes, and management strategies are poorly defined. Here, we will describe the etiology and natural history of tricuspid regurgitation (TR), evaluate existing surgical outcomes data, and review the evolving field of percutaneous interventions to treat TR.

Recent Findings

Previously, the only definitive corrective therapy for TR was surgical valve repair or replacement which is associated with significant operative mortality. Advances in percutaneous valve repair techniques are now being translated to the tricuspid valve. These novel interventions may offer a lower-risk alternative treatment in patients at increased surgical risk.

Summary

Significant TR adversely impacts survival. Surgery remains the only proven therapy for treatment of TR and may be underutilized due to mixed outcomes data. Early experience with percutaneous interventions is promising, but large clinical experience is lacking. Further study will be required before these therapies are introduced into broader clinical practice.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance, •• Of major importance

  1. Singh JP, Evans JC, Levy D, Larson MG, Freed LA, Fuller DL, et al. Prevalence and clinical determinants of mitral, tricuspid, and aortic regurgitation (the Framingham Heart Study). Am J Cardiol. 1999;83(6):897–902. [Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.]

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Stuge O, Liddicoat J. Emerging opportunities for cardiac surgeons within structural heart disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006;132(6):1258–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Nath J, Foster E, Heidenreich PA. Impact of tricuspid regurgitation on long-term survival. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(3):405–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Lin G, Nishimura RA, Connolly HM, Dearani JA, Sundt TM 3rd, Hayes DL. Severe symptomatic tricuspid valve regurgitation due to permanent pacemaker or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator leads. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45(10):1672–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. • Utsunomiya H, Itabashi Y, Mihara H, Berdejo J, Kobayashi S, Siegel RJ, et al. Functional tricuspid regurgitation caused by chronic atrial fibrillation: a real-time 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;10(1):e004897. This is a recent study providing comprehensive evaluation of changes in right atrial and right ventricular geometry in various forms of secondary TR.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. • Chang JD, Manning WJ, Ebrille E, Zimetbaum PJ. Tricuspid valve dysfunction following pacemaker or cardioverter-defibrillator implantation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69(18):2331–41. This is a recent study describing the pathophysiology, management, and outcome of TR associated with pacemaker lead implantation.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. • Topilsky Y, Nkomo VT, Vatury O, Michelena HI, Letourneau T, Suri RM, et al. Clinical outcome of isolated tricuspid regurgitation. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;7(12):1185–94. This is a retrospective study evaluating the clinical outcomes of patients with isolated TR.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. • Vassileva CM, Shabosky J, Boley T, Markwell S, Hazelrigg S. Tricuspid valve surgery: the past 10 years from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012;143(5):1043–9. This is the most recent study evaluating rates of tricuspid surgery and mortality from NIS database.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Ratnatunga CP, Edwards MB, Dore CJ, Taylor KM. Tricuspid valve replacement: UK heart valve registry mid-term results comparing mechanical and biological prostheses. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;66(6):1940–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Kaplan M, Kut MS, Demirtas MM, Cimen S, Ozler A. Prosthetic replacement of tricuspid valve: bioprosthetic or mechanical. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;73(2):467–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Kim JB, Jung SH, Choo SJ, Chung CH, Lee JW. Clinical and echocardiographic outcomes after surgery for severe isolated tricuspid regurgitation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2013;146(2):278–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Fukuda S, Saracino G, Matsumura Y, Daimon M, Tran H, Greenberg NL, et al. Three-dimensional geometry of the tricuspid annulus in healthy subjects and in patients with functional tricuspid regurgitation: a real-time, 3-dimensional echocardiographic study. Circulation. 2006;114(1 Suppl):I492–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Jokinen JJ, Turpeinen AK, Pitkanen O, Hippelainen MJ, Hartikainen JE. Pacemaker therapy after tricuspid valve operations: implications on mortality, morbidity, and quality of life. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;87(6):1806–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Mar PL, Angus CR, Kabra R, Migliore CK, Goswami R, John LA, et al. Perioperative predictors of permanent pacing and long-term dependence following tricuspid valve surgery: a multicentre analysis. Europace. 2017; https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euw391

  15. Anwar AM, Geleijnse ML, Soliman OI, McGhie JS, Frowijn R, Nemes A, et al. Assessment of normal tricuspid valve anatomy in adults by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2007;23(6):717–24.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Ormiston JA, Shah PM, Tei C, Wong M. Size and motion of the mitral valve annulus in man. I. A two-dimensional echocardiographic method and findings in normal subjects. Circulation. 1981;64(1):113–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Braunwald NS, Ross J Jr, Morrow AG. Conservative management of tricuspid regurgitation in patients undergoing mitral valve replacement. Circulation. 1967;35(4 Suppl):I63–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. • Rodes-Cabau J, Hahn RT, Latib A, Laule M, Lauten A, Maisano F, et al. Transcatheter therapies for treating tricuspid regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(15):1829–45. This is a report summarizing the various percutanous devices available for TR treatment.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Gonzalez-Santos JM, Arnaiz-Garcia ME, Sastre-Rincon JA, Bueno-Codoner ME, Dalmau-Sorli MJ, Arevalo-Abascal A, et al. Acute right coronary artery occlusion after tricuspid valve ring annuloplasty. Ann Thorac Surg. 2015;99(6):2213–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Diez-Villanueva P, Gutierrez-Ibanes E, Cuerpo-Caballero GP, Sanz-Ruiz R, Abeytua M, Soriano J, et al. Direct injury to right coronary artery in patients undergoing tricuspid annuloplasty. Ann Thorac Surg. 2014;97(4):1300–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. • Hahn RT, Meduri CU, Davidson CJ, Lim S, Nazif TM, Ricciardi MJ, et al. Early feasibility study of a transcatheter tricuspid valve annuloplasty: SCOUT trial 30-day results. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69(14):1795–806. This is a report of the 30-day clinical outcomes after TR treatment with Trialign in SCOUT trial.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Ho SY, Nihoyannopoulos P. Anatomy, echocardiography, and normal right ventricular dimensions. Heart. 2006;92(Suppl 1):i2–13.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Kawel N, Turkbey EB, Carr JJ, Eng J, Gomes AS, Hundley WG, et al. Normal left ventricular myocardial thickness for middle-aged and older subjects with steady-state free precession cardiac magnetic resonance: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;5(4):500–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Sade RM, Castaneda AR. The dispensable right ventricle. Surgery. 1975;77(5):624–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Hung J, Koelling T, Semigran MJ, Dec GW, Levine RA, Di Salvo TG. Usefulness of echocardiographic determined tricuspid regurgitation in predicting event-free survival in severe heart failure secondary to idiopathic-dilated cardiomyopathy or to ischemic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 1998;82(10):1301–3. a10

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Koelling TM, Aaronson KD, Cody RJ, Bach DS, Armstrong WF. Prognostic significance of mitral regurgitation and tricuspid regurgitation in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Am Heart J. 2002;144(3):524–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Hoke U, Auger D, Thijssen J, Wolterbeek R, van der Velde ET, Holman ER, et al. Significant lead-induced tricuspid regurgitation is associated with poor prognosis at long-term follow-up. Heart. 2014;100(12):960–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Messika-Zeitoun D, Thomson H, Bellamy M, Scott C, Tribouilloy C, Dearani J, et al. Medical and surgical outcome of tricuspid regurgitation caused by flail leaflets. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004;128(2):296–302.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Hwang HY, Kim KH, Kim KB, Ahn H. Treatment for severe functional tricuspid regurgitation: annuloplasty versus valve replacement. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2014;46(2):e21–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Moraca RJ, Moon MR, Lawton JS, Guthrie TJ, Aubuchon KA, Moazami N, et al. Outcomes of tricuspid valve repair and replacement: a propensity analysis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;87(1):83–8. discussion 8-9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Kuwaki K, Morishita K, Tsukamoto M, Abe T. Tricuspid valve surgery for functional tricuspid valve regurgitation associated with left-sided valvular disease. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2001;20(3):577–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Shinn SH, Schaff HV. Evidence-based surgical management of acquired tricuspid valve disease. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2013;10(4):190–203.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Kay JH, Maselli-Campagna G, Tsuji KK. Surgical treatment of tricuspid insufficiency. Ann Surg. 1965;162:53–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. McCarthy PM, Bhudia SK, Rajeswaran J, Hoercher KJ, Lytle BW, Cosgrove DM, et al. Tricuspid valve repair: durability and risk factors for failure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004;127(3):674–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Navia JL, Nowicki ER, Blackstone EH, Brozzi NA, Nento DE, Atik FA, et al. Surgical management of secondary tricuspid valve regurgitation: annulus, commissure, or leaflet procedure? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010;139(6):1473–82. e5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Meng H, Pan SW, Hu SS, Pang KJ, Hou JF, Wang H. Surgical treatment of secondary tricuspid regurgitation: insight derived from annulus sizes and tethering distances. Ann Thorac Surg. 2015;100(4):1238–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Ghanta RK, Chen R, Narayanasamy N, McGurk S, Lipsitz S, Chen FY, et al. Suture bicuspidization of the tricuspid valve versus ring annuloplasty for repair of functional tricuspid regurgitation: midterm results of 237 consecutive patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007;133(1):117–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Fukuda S, Song JM, Gillinov AM, McCarthy PM, Daimon M, Kongsaerepong V, et al. Tricuspid valve tethering predicts residual tricuspid regurgitation after tricuspid annuloplasty. Circulation. 2005;111(8):975–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Hornick P, Harris PA, Taylor KM. Tricuspid valve replacement subsequent to previous open heart surgery. J Heart Valve Dis. 1996;5(1):20–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Staab ME, Nishimura RA, Dearani JA. Isolated tricuspid valve surgery for severe tricuspid regurgitation following prior left heart valve surgery: analysis of outcome in 34 patients. J Heart Valve Dis. 1999;8(5):567–74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Bernal JM, Ponton A, Diaz B, Llorca J, Garcia I, Sarralde A, et al. Surgery for rheumatic tricuspid valve disease: a 30-year experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008;136(2):476–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Rizzoli G, Vendramin I, Nesseris G, Bottio T, Guglielmi C, Schiavon L. Biological or mechanical prostheses in tricuspid position? A meta-analysis of intra-institutional results. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;77(5):1607–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Topilsky Y, Khanna AD, Oh JK, Nishimura RA, Enriquez-Sarano M, Jeon YB, et al. Preoperative factors associated with adverse outcome after tricuspid valve replacement. Circulation. 2011;123(18):1929–39.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Cho WC, Park CB, Kim JB, Jung SH, Chung CH, Choo SJ, et al. Mechanical valve replacement versus bioprosthetic valve replacement in the tricuspid valve position. J Card Surg. 2013;28(3):212–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Liu P, Qiao WH, Sun FQ, Ruan XL, Al Shirbini M, Hu D, et al. Should a mechanical or biological prosthesis be used for a tricuspid valve replacement? A Meta-Analysis J Card Surg. 2016;31(5):294–302.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. McGrath LB, Gonzalez-Lavin L, Bailey BM, Grunkemeier GL, Fernandez J, Laub GW. Tricuspid valve operations in 530 patients. Twenty-five-year assessment of early and late phase events. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1990;99(1):124–33.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Iscan ZH, Vural KM, Bahar I, Mavioglu L, Saritas A. What to expect after tricuspid valve replacement? Long-term results. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007;32(2):296–300.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Carrier M, Hebert Y, Pellerin M, Bouchard D, Perrault LP, Cartier R, et al. Tricuspid valve replacement: an analysis of 25 years of experience at a single center. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;75(1):47–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Brown JM, O'Brien SM, Wu C, Sikora JA, Griffith BP, Gammie JS. Isolated aortic valve replacement in North America comprising 108,687 patients in 10 years: changes in risks, valve types, and outcomes in the Society of Thoracic Surgeons National Database. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009;137(1):82–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Gammie JS, Sheng S, Griffith BP, Peterson ED, Rankin JS, O'Brien SM, et al. Trends in mitral valve surgery in the United States: results from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Adult Cardiac Surgery Database. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;87(5):1431–7. discussion 7-9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Mangoni AA, DiSalvo TG, Vlahakes GJ, Polanczyk CA, Fifer MA. Outcome following isolated tricuspid valve replacement. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2001;19(1):68–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Attenhofer Jost CH, Connolly HM, Scott CG, Burkhart HM, Warnes CA, Dearani JA. Outcome of cardiac surgery in patients 50 years of age or older with Ebstein anomaly: survival and functional improvement. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59(23):2101–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Lee JW, Song JM, Park JP, Lee JW, Kang DH, Song JK. Long-term prognosis of isolated significant tricuspid regurgitation. Circ J. 2010;74(2):375–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Pfannmuller B, Misfeld M, Borger MA, Etz CD, Funkat AK, Garbade J, et al. Isolated reoperative minimally invasive tricuspid valve operations. Ann Thorac Surg. 2012;94(6):2005–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Kwon DA, Park JS, Chang HJ, Kim YJ, Sohn DW, Kim KB, et al. Prediction of outcome in patients undergoing surgery for severe tricuspid regurgitation following mitral valve surgery and role of tricuspid annular systolic velocity. Am J Cardiol. 2006;98(5):659–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. •• Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP 3rd, Guyton RA, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(22):e57–185. This is updated AHA/ACC guidelines document for management of valvular heart disease.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. •• Vahanian A, Alfieri O, Andreotti F, Antunes MJ, Baron-Esquivias G, Baumgartner H, et al. Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease (version 2012). Eur Heart J. 2012;33(19):2451–96. This is updated European guidelines document for management of valvular heart disease.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Cullen MW, Cabalka AK, Alli OO, Pislaru SV, Sorajja P, Nkomo VT, et al. Transvenous, antegrade Melody valve-in-valve implantation for bioprosthetic mitral and tricuspid valve dysfunction: a case series in children and adults. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2013;6(6):598–605.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Roberts PA, Boudjemline Y, Cheatham JP, Eicken A, Ewert P, McElhinney DB, et al. Percutaneous tricuspid valve replacement in congenital and acquired heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58(2):117–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Eicken A, Schubert S, Hager A, Horer J, McElhinney DB, Hess J, et al. Percutaneous tricuspid valve implantation: two-center experience with midterm results. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2015;8(4):e002155.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. • McElhinney DB, Cabalka AK, Aboulhosn JA, Eicken A, Boudjemline Y, Schubert S, et al. Transcatheter tricuspid valve-in-valve implantation for the treatment of dysfunctional surgical bioprosthetic valves: an international, multicenter registry study. Circulation. 2016;133(16):1582–93. This is a multicenter experience of success rates and clinical outcomes associated with tricuspid TVIV treatment for dysfunctional surgical bioprosthetic valve.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Fassa AA, Himbert D, Brochet E, Labbe JP, Vahanian A. Transfemoral valve-in-ring implantation for a failing mitral homograft in the tricuspid position. EuroIntervention. 2014;10(2):269.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Bouleti C, Himbert D, Brochet E, Ou P, Iung B, Nejjari M, et al. Transfemoral tricuspid valve-in-ring implantation using the edwards Sapien XT valve: one-year follow-up. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2015;8(3):e002225.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Mazzitelli D, Bleiziffer S, Noebauer C, Ruge H, Mayr P, Opitz A, et al. Transatrial antegrade approach for double mitral and tricuspid “valve-in-ring” implantation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2013;95(1):25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Lauten A, Doenst T, Hamadanchi A, Franz M, Figulla HR. Percutaneous bicaval valve implantation for transcatheter treatment of tricuspid regurgitation: clinical observations and 12-month follow-up. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2014;7(2):268–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Lauten A, Ferrari M, Hekmat K, Pfeifer R, Dannberg G, Ragoschke-Schumm A, et al. Heterotopic transcatheter tricuspid valve implantation: first-in-man application of a novel approach to tricuspid regurgitation. Eur Heart J. 2011;32(10):1207–13.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Laule M. Caval sapien valve implants for tricuspid regurgitation. Paper presented at: Transcatheter Valve Therapies 2015. 2015; Chicago IL.

  68. Laule M, Stangl V, Sanad W, Lembcke A, Baumann G, Stangl K. Percutaneous transfemoral management of severe secondary tricuspid regurgitation with Edwards Sapien XT bioprosthesis: first-in-man experience. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(18):1929–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.01.070

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Latib A, Agricola E, Pozzoli A, Denti P, Taramasso M, Spagnolo P, et al. First-in-man implantation of a tricuspid annular remodeling device for functional tricuspid regurgitation. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2015;8(13):e211–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Lurz P, Besler C, Kiefer P, Ender J, Seeburger J. Early experience of the Trialign system for catheter-based treatment of severe tricuspid regurgitation. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(47):3543.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Schofer J, Bijuklic K, Tiburtius C, Hansen L, Groothuis A, Hahn RT. First-in-human transcatheter tricuspid valve repair in a patient with severely regurgitant tricuspid valve. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(12):1190–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Rogers T, Ratnayaka K, Sonmez M, Franson DN, Schenke WH, Mazal JR, et al. Transatrial intrapericardial tricuspid annuloplasty. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2015;8(3):483–91.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  73. Wengenmayer T, Zehender M, Bothe W, Bode C, Grundmann S. First transfemoral percutaneous edge-to-edge repair of the tricuspid valve using the MitraClip system. EuroIntervention. 2016;11(13):1541–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Puls M, Lubos E, Boekstegers P, von Bardeleben RS, Ouarrak T, Butter C, et al. One-year outcomes and predictors of mortality after MitraClip therapy in contemporary clinical practice: results from the German transcatheter mitral valve interventions registry. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(8):703–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Hammerstingl C, Schueler R, Malasa M, Werner N, Nickenig G. Transcatheter treatment of severe tricuspid regurgitation with the MitraClip system. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(10):849–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Alfieri O, Maisano F, De Bonis M, Stefano PL, Torracca L, Oppizzi M, et al. The double-orifice technique in mitral valve repair: a simple solution for complex problems. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2001;122(4):674–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. • Nickenig G, Kowalski M, Hausleiter J, Braun D, Schofer J, Yzeiraj E, et al. Transcatheter treatment of severe tricuspid regurgitation with the edge-to-edge MitraClip technique. Circulation. 2017;135(19):1802–14. This study summarizes the earlier multicenter experience of TR treatment with Mitraclip device.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Campelo-Parada F, Perlman G, Philippon F, Ye J, Thompson C, Bedard E, et al. First-in-man experience of a novel transcatheter repair system for treating severe tricuspid regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(22):2475–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Author notes

  1. Mohammed Al-Hijji and Erin A. Fender contributed equally to the manuscript.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA

    Mohammed Al-Hijji, Erin A. Fender, Abdallah El Sabbagh & David R. Holmes

Authors
  1. Mohammed Al-Hijji
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Erin A. Fender
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Abdallah El Sabbagh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. David R. Holmes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to David R. Holmes.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

Mohammed Al-Hijji, Erin A. Fender, Abdallah El Sabbagh, and David R. Holmes declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Valvular Heart Disease

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Al-Hijji, M., Fender, E.A., El Sabbagh, A. et al. Current Treatment Strategies for Tricuspid Regurgitation. Curr Cardiol Rep 19, 106 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-017-0920-4

Download citation

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-017-0920-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation