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Current Clinical Applications of Three-Dimensional Echocardiography: When the Technique Makes the Difference

Current Cardiology Reports volume 18, Article number: 109 (2016) Cite this article

Abstract

Advances in ultrasound, computer, and electronics technology have permitted three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) to become a clinically viable imaging modality, with significant impact on patient diagnosis, management, and outcome. Thanks to the inception of a fully sampled matrix transducer for transthoracic and transesophageal probes, 3DE now offers much faster and easier data acquisition, immediate display of anatomy, and the possibility of online quantitative analysis of cardiac chambers and heart valves. The clinical use of transthoracic 3DE has been primarily focused, albeit not exclusively, on the assessment of cardiac chamber volumes and function. Transesophageal 3DE has been applied mostly for assessing heart valve anatomy and function. The advantages of using 3DE to measure cardiac chamber volumes derive from the lack of geometric assumptions about their shape and the avoidance of the apical view foreshortening, which are the main shortcomings of volume calculations from two-dimensional echocardiographic views. Moreover, 3DE offers a unique realistic en face display of heart valves, congenital defects, and surrounding structures allowing a better appreciation of the dynamic functional anatomy of cardiac abnormalities in vivo. Offline quantitation of 3DE data sets has made significant contributions to our mechanistic understanding of normal and diseased heart valves, as well as of their alterations induced by surgical or interventional procedures. As reparative cardiac surgery and transcatheter procedures become more and more popular for treating structural heart disease, transesophageal 3DE has expanded its role as the premier technique for procedure planning, intra-procedural guidance, as well as for checking device function and potential complications after the procedure.

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Abbreviations

2D:

Two-dimensional

2DE:

Two-dimensional echocardiography

3D:

Three-dimensional

3DE:

Three-dimensional echocardiography

CMR:

Cardiac magnetic resonance

CT:

Computed tomography

EF:

Ejection fraction

LV:

Left ventricle

MR:

Mitral regurgitation

MV:

Mitral valve

PISA:

Proximal isovelocity surface area

RV:

Right ventricle

TAVI:

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation

TEE:

Transesophageal echocardiography

TR:

Tricuspid regurgitation

TV:

Tricuspid valve

VC:

Vena contracta

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Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

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Acknowledgments

Dr. Elena Surkova has received a research grant from the European Society of Cardiology.

Dr. Diana Cherata is a recipient of a research grant founded by the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua, Italy

    Elena Surkova, Denisa Muraru, Patrizia Aruta, Gabriella Romeo, Jurate Bidviene, Diana Cherata & Luigi P. Badano

  2. Department of Internal Medicine, Samara State Medical University, Chapaevskaya Str. 89, 443099, Samara, Russian Federation

    Elena Surkova

  3. Department of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania

    Jurate Bidviene

  4. Department of Cardiology, “Filantropia” Municipal Hospital, Craiova, Romania

    Diana Cherata

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  1. Elena Surkova
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Correspondence to Denisa Muraru.

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Elena Surkova, Denisa Muraru, Patrizia Aruta, Gabriella Romeo, Jurate Bidviene, Diana Cherata, and Luigi P. Badano declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Surkova, E., Muraru, D., Aruta, P. et al. Current Clinical Applications of Three-Dimensional Echocardiography: When the Technique Makes the Difference. Curr Cardiol Rep 18, 109 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-016-0787-9

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Keywords

  • Three-dimensional echocardiography
  • Left ventricle
  • Right ventricle
  • Mitral valve
  • Tricuspid valve
  • Interventional procedures